Перегляд вихідного коду сторінки 4 Predictions Upon Roxadustat This Year

Rather, the following sections aim to highlight the currently known NP and biofilm factors that have a critical impact on their interactions. FIGURE 1 The three steps involved in NP�Cbiofilm interactions: (1) transport of NPs to the vicinity of the biofilm, (2) initial deposition of NPs onto the biofilm surface, and (3) migration of NPs into deeper areas of the  biofilm. NPs may also interact ... Impact of NP Characteristics on NP�CBiofilm Interactions Engineered and naturally forming NPs can vary widely in their physicochemical characteristics such as shape, size, and charge (Hochella et al., 2008; Petosa et al., 2010). As discussed in the following section, these NP characteristics have been reported to impact their interactions with biofilm-coated surfaces at all three steps of the interactions. NP transport through the water column has been studied extensively (Lecoanet and Wiesner, 2004; Jaisi et al., 2008; Phenrat et al., 2009) and is primarily a function of various NP characteristics and water chemistry conditions; these bulk-phase transport phenomena will not be discussed in length here. Instead, this section will focus on the NP characteristics that influence the small-scale interactions in the proximity of biofilm surfaces including  transport and attachment. Surface modification of NPs, through ligand capping during synthesis or post-synthesis passive sorption of organic molecules, plays a critical role in NP�Cbiofilm interactions. In fact, pure and single-component NPs are rare or non-existent  in the environment. Engineered NPs are typically functionalized by specific organic ligands for a variety of target applications. When these capped NPs are being used or released in various environments, they are often subjected to further [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylate_cyclase Adenylate cyclase] modifications in an uncontrollable manner by passive sorption of different organic molecules (e.g., proteins and polysaccharides). Dawson and colleagues introduced the concept of the ��protein corona�� as an important entity for NPs interacting with the external environment (Cedervall et al., 2007; Lynch et al., 2009; Walczyk et al., 2010). The corona is a temporally evolving collection of organic molecules that associate with NPs. Though these initial studies focused on proteins, recent investigations have expanded the concept of the ��corona�� to include other biomolecules as well as proteins (Monopoli et al., 2012). When a NP with an organic corona approaches a surface, proteins and other biomolecules that reside long enough on the NP surface will mediate subsequent interactions. These biomolecule�CNP interactions are highlighted particularly in nanomedicine as a biofunctionalization mechanism. In environmental systems, a corona-like coating is also likely to form around NPs; in this case, the organic molecules in the corona are expected to primarily consist of components of natural organic matter (NOM).