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The arterial partial pressure oxygen of different time points in the C group and normal rats were comparable, whereas the arterial [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ve-821.html http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ve-821.html] partial pressure oxygen declined at different time points following PA instillation. P-24?h arterial partial pressure oxygen (72?��?10?mm?Hg) was significantly lower than that at P-3?h (94?��?3?mm?Hg) and P-9?h (89?��?6?mm?Hg) (Fig.?3a). BALF total protein concentration significantly increased after PA instillation. Total protein values of P-9?h (1.67?��?0.86?mg/mL) and P-24?h (2.45?��?0.87?mg/mL) were eight and ten times higher, respectively, than that of the C groups (0.27?��?0.25?mg/mL) (Fig.?3b). And BALF protein concentration increased with lung injury grade (r?=?8.812, P?[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azastene Azastene] in BALF with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Surprisingly, we found that there were significant changes after PA instillation. Claudin-3, -4 and -18 levels rose over time following PA instillation, which correlated with [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0941.html Selleck Pictilisib] the lung injury grade using correlation analysis. BALF claudin-3 and -4 levels were approximately three times in P-9?h and six times in P-24?h than that in the C groups, whereas claudin-18 levels increased more significantly: 11.6 times in P-9?h and 16.5 times in P-24?h than that in the C groups. In contrast, claudin-5 levels were high after 3?h, but increased little over time. The average claudin-5 expression in the P groups was 2.9 times higher than in the C groups (Fig.?6). Surfactant protein (SP) levels were reduced in ALI animal models and acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. We measured SP-A, SP-B and SP-C mRNA expression in whole lung to detect whether SP levels changed in our rat models. We observed no significant differences in SP mRNA expression in the N, C or P groups (Fig.?7a�Cc). We also measured plasma von Willebrand factor mRNA levels because this glycoprotein is a biomarker of endothelial injury,[20] and found no significant change in von Willebrand factor mRNA levels in the N, C or P groups (Fig.?7d). Acute respiratory distress syndrome/ALI is characterized by an overwhelming inflammatory process leading to alveolar epithelial and endothelial injury.