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Provided that neuroanatomical characteristics of the brain support the idea of a modulation of perceptual integration exerted by background knowledge, Adams and Kveraga (2015) argue that different social cues, such as gender, age, posture, etc., are relevant to such perceptual integration processes, which they call social vision. In previous sections, we have already provided a sketch of their model, which claims that one of the main tasks of vision is precisely to deliver such integrated meaningful compounds. According to these authors, the plausibility of the idea is supported by evolutionary and everyday considerations about the importance for human beings and other animals of being able to quickly integrate as much socially relevant information as possible. For the purposes of the present paper, however, we need not delve into much detail about the social-vision   view. It suffices for our argument that facial-cues, such as eyebrow orientation, mouth shape, gaze direction, and perhaps other facially evident cues such as gender and age, are perceptually integrated together in order to form meaningful emotion-signaling compounds. If one admits that such integration is possible at the level of the face, then our considerations concerning adaptation and principled [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/CAL-101.html CAL-101 molecular weight] constraints on emotion recognition should be enough to show that under certain conditions, the integration process is sensitive to background knowledge, expectations and, possibly, to other high-level cognitive features. We are aware that this is a somewhat unusual way of arguing for CP.  We think, however, that perception is a much more dynamic and integrative process that it is described to be in the traditional modular model, and that the evidence we have presented here supports this view. Hence, we conclude that the boundary between perception and cognition should be at least partially blurred. Conclusion and Outlook Cognitive penetration is not only a plausible claim about the perception of objects and physical scenes, but also about the social perception of emotion. The results presented here indicate that we should even go further, and start to investigate the extent to which the perceptual recognition of other social and mental phenomena is shaped by CP. We suggest that face-based recognition of emotion is only one basic component of the most important integration process for humans, namely the integration on the level of person perception (Macrae and Quadflieg, 2010). Person perception is accompanied by an impression formation that should also be explained by a systematic interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes, constituting a person impression (Newen, 2015). Thus, we suggest future work investigating whether CP also holds for the formation of a complex person impression based on perception.