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2006), the predominance of cortical short loops and immature ��avian�� medullary loops of Henle lacking a thin ascending limb in the young rat (Liu et al. 2001) may result in fewer medullary UT receptors being expressed. This reduction in UT expression may contribute to the diminished response to exogenous rUII and rURP infusion at 4 weeks of age. In contrast to the lack of response to exogenous UII and URP, 4-week-old rats showed evidence of tonic stimulation of UT receptors [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Methazolastone.html Temozolomide] by endogenous UII. Infusion of the UT antagonist, SB-706375, induced a modest increase in ERBF and a 50% increase in GFR. This response differs from that in the adult, in which urantide increased GFR but had no effect on ERBF (Song et al. 2006). Together, these data suggest that endogenous UII has an influence on renal haemodynamics and filtered load in the young rat. In the adult SD rat, UT protein has been localized to the smooth muscle of the renal vasculature (Maguire et al. 2008). In the present study, UT was occasionally immunolocalized to the juxtaglomerular vasculature of the 4-week-old rat; however, it was not possible to distinguish the specific arteriolar location. Infusion of SB-706375 also led to a diuresis and natriuresis accompanied by an increase in fractional sodium excretion in the young SD rat. Interestingly, there was a proportionally greater influence of UT antagonism on urine flow (200% [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroxydine Moroxydine] increase) and rate of sodium excretion (140% increase) than on GFR (50% increase) in the young SD rat. This implies that the increased GFR is only partly driving the diuresis and natriuresis. The additional influence of endogenous urotensin peptide on sodium excretion rate can be explained by the ?70% increase in fractional sodium excretion. In the 4-week-old SD rat, the UT receptor protein was localized primarily to the collecting ducts of the inner medulla, where fine tuning of the final urinary sodium content is known to occur. In conclusion, we have shown that the UII system is expressed in the fetal kidney from as early as E19. Altered expression patterns suggest that the UII system may be differentially regulated during renal organogenesis. Consistent with the known chronology of renal maturation, the UII system was not developed fully at 4 weeks of age. Endogenous UII appeared to exert a tonic influence on water and sodium handling in the immature kidney, both indirectly, through effects on ERBF and GFR, and directly, [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0449.html Selleck Vismodegib] by influencing sodium reabsorption by the nephron. We would like to thank David Behm (Department of Cellular Physiology and Pharmacology, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA) for the kind gift of SB-706375. E.J.F. was supported by a Capacity Building Award in Integrative Mammalian Biology funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the British Pharmacological Society, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the Health Technologies Knowledge Transfer Network and the Medical Research Council. E.