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However, the role of neuroimmune mechanisms in chronic spontaneous urticaria so far is unclear. Objective Thus, we wanted to address the regulation of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in serum and inflammatory skin of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria in comparison to subjects with healthy skin. Methods Fifty adult patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria and 23 skin-healthy subjects were studied. Chronic spontaneous urticaria was defined as recurrent weals for more [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/S31-201.html S3I-201 nmr] than 6 weeks. Autologous serum skin test was performed in all patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria and BDNF serum levels were analysed by enzyme immunoassay in all subjects. Furthermore, skin biopsies were taken from weals of eight patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria as well as from healthy skin of eight controls to evaluate the expression of BDNF and its receptors including tyrosine kinase (trk) B and pan-neurotrophin receptor p75NTR by immunohistochemistry. Results BDNF serum levels were detectable in all subjects studied. However, BDNF levels were significantly higher in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria compared to non-atopic skin-healthy controls (P[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglyceride diglyceride] between chronic spontaneous urticaria and controls and no difference in BDNF serum levels between autologous serum skin test-positive (n=23) and -negative (n=27) patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance This study shows that BDNF is increased in serum and diseased skin of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria, suggesting a role for neurotrophins in the pathophysiology of this chronic inflammatory skin disease. Further [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD8055.html AZD8055 in vitro] studies are needed to address the functional role of BDNF on key target effector cells in chronic spontaneous urticaria to establish new therapeutic implications. Cite this as: K. R?ssing, N. Novak, S. Mommert, F. Pfab, M. Gehring, B. Wedi, A. Kapp and U. Raap, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 1392�C1399. ""This is one of seven interlinked systematic reviews undertaken on behalf of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology as part of their Guidelines for Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis, which focuses on instruments developed for IgE-mediated food allergy. Disease-specific questionnaires are significantly more sensitive than generic ones in measuring the response to interventions or future treatments, as well as estimating the general burden of food allergy.