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00?kg/m2 (��3.3 SD), whereas their public school counterparts have a mean BMI of 14.82?kg/m2 (��2.47 SD; P?[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIB1 TRIB1] in reference values due to sampling error.[1] While a comparison to Polynesian children would have been interesting, no data fulfilling these criteria was found. One of the two available studies only offers a small sample size; the other includes subjects ranging from prepubescent [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pci-32765.html Ibrutinib molecular weight] children to young adults.[5, 6] Therefore, a comparison was only made with equations from two more recent studies. As Malagasy children are geographically living in Africa we compared the data with those of Tunisian schoolchildren, the only study for African children meeting these criteria for the past 20 years.[11] The other comparison to German schoolchildren reflects the distinction with Caucasian children who are the by far best investigated group.[34] While there were only small differences between Tunisian and German children, Malagasy children presented with curves for FVC and FEV1 that were parallel to the former, but on a lower level (Fig. 3). The purpose of this study was to establish reference equations for Malagasy children and compare them to their Caucasian as well as their African and ISEA/Polynesian counterparts and to evaluate the difference by analyzing influencing factors. One way to analyze the data from our [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/MK-2206.html MK-2206 order] Malagasy group was to compare them to the dataset from Stanojevic.[33] The Z-scores in FVC and FEV1 reveal considerably lower levels for the Malagasy children. These low Z-scores are closely associated with the group of children with low BMI. The same effect was also seen in the few children in the highest BMI-Centiles (Fig. 2). The differences for FEV1 are greater for girls than they are for boys (Table 3). These differences are not explained by age or height and differ to an extent not yet seen in other studies looking at African or African American children.[10-13] Another way to look at the data was to illustrate the distribution of FVC and FEV1 in relation to height. The curves for both parameters showed similar trends to those observed for African and Caucasian children that age.[10, 11, 25] As already shown in former studies regarding African children, lung volumes were lower compared to Caucasian children being the group with the greatest data set.[33-35] Lung volumes of Tunisian children[11] are very similar to those of industrialized countries, such as Germany,[34] particularly in girls. Malagasy lung volumes, however, not only differ notably from German and from Tunisian age-adjusted volume-curves (Fig.