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False Discussion The Logethotopulos pack can be used to stabilise the situation if bleeding continues after the uterus has been removed. With regard to cervical cancer, 21 approximately 45% of women diagnosed with cervical cancer are under 45 years of age. True 22 spread to pelvic lymph nodes occurs in approximately 4% of women with stage IA2 cervical cancer. True 23 radical trachelectomy has an inferior recurrence rate to radical hysterectomy. False Discussion Case series and case controlled studies15�C17 have shown that there is no significant difference in recurrence rates after radical vaginal trachelectomy compared with radical hysterectomy. With regard to endometrial cancer, 24 women with early cancer have a response rate to high dose progestogens of approximately [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resminostat Resminostat] 55%. True 25 women who respond to progestogens have an approximately 10% recurrence rate. False 26 an important concern is that up to almost one-quarter of young women with the disease will have a co-existing ovarian cancer. True Discussion A recent study by Ushijima et al.38 reported a complete response in 55% of the women with endometrial carcinoma given medroxyprogesterone acetate. A recurrence rate of 47% was documented. Other studies have also demonstrated high recurrence rates, of 25%.39,40 In young women with endometrial cancer 10�C29% will have a co-existing ovarian cancer.36,37 With regard to ovarian cancer, 27 germ cell tumours of the ovary are highly chemosensitive. True 28 conservative treatment of borderline tumours is [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-809.html find more] [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Bafilomycin-A1.html Baf-A1 research buy] not the standard approach in young women. False 29 in epithelial ovarian cancers, women with no visible metastases at the time of laparotomy will have microscopic metastases in approximately 5% of cases. False Discussion Numerous reports have demonstrated an excellent prognosis for borderline tumours.49�C51 Most are confined to the ovaries and can therefore be managed conservatively with preservation of the uterus and contralateral ovary. If the tumour is bilateral, bilateral ovarian cystectomy may be performed. Metastasis occurs in 15�C20% of women with apparent stage I epithelial ovarian cancer.57,58 With regard to cervical cancer, 30 women having treatment with knife cone biopsy need to be made aware of an increase in the risk of obstetric complications. True Discussion Knife cone biopsy has been shown to increase the risk of premature delivery, low birthweight and caesarean section.13 For stage IA1 carcinoma of the cervix, 31 lymphovascular space invasion is not a contraindication to knife or laser cone biopsy alone. False 32 the risk of lymph node involvement is up to 5% in those with tumour invading to a depth of