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All editorial decisions made by independent academic editor. Upon submission manuscript was subject to anti-plagiarism scanning. Prior to publication all authors have given signed confirmation of agreement to article publication and compliance with all applicable ethical and legal requirements, including the accuracy of author and contributor information, disclosure of competing interests and funding sources, compliance with ethical requirements relating to human and animal study participants, and compliance with any copyright requirements of third parties. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: CWI, HOO. Analyzed the data: CWI. wrote the first draft of the manuscript: CWI. Contributed to the writing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bepotastine bepotastine] of the manuscript: CWI, HOO, BO. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: CWI, HOO, BO. Jointly developed [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Y-27632.html Y-27632 purchase] the structure and arguments for the paper: CWI, HOO. Made critical revisions and approved final version: CWI, HOO, BO. All authors reviewed and approved of the final manuscript.""Nasal septal perforation is encountered mostly in patients with Wegener��s vasculitis, after septal surgery or other trauma, and often without a clear etiology. Several less common diseases such as sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, infections, and neoplasias have been associated with nasal septal defects.1 Patients without an obvious cause may have had dry bleeding or infected mucosa, and nasal manipulation may have further impaired their mucosal integrity. The use of nasal steroids or other drying medication for the mucosa may contribute, and many of these cases, will have a multifactorial background. Patients with a septal perforation report symptoms of nasal obstruction, crusting, recurrent bleedings, dryness, pain, and whistling.2 A dry climate may increase the incidence of septal defects, but the prevalence has been investigated previously only by [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD2281(Olaparib).html Olaparib price] ?berg et al in Sweden and it was estimated to be 0.9% in an adult population.3 Patients considered as candidates for operative septal defect closure form a selected group in this population. Posterior perforations are often symptomless and do not need repair. Conservative treatments with regular saline irrigations, nasal ointments, and, occasionally, septal buttons are tried before surgery. Patients with vasculitis are usually treated conservatively due to the large perforations involved and the high probability of scarring after surgery. Patients with active nasal manifestation of autoimmune diseases, such as sarcoidosis or systemic lupus erythematosus, have been reported to be more susceptible to poor outcomes.1 No consensus exists on the most feasible technique for septal perforation repair, and comparative studies have not been published. The reports of surgical outcome are mostly based on small sample sizes.