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None of the authors have conflicts of interest to declare. ""A short time to positivity (TTP) correlates with poor clinical outcome in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia, but the association between sequential TTPs and the outcome of these patients [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide Thalidomide] is unclear. Sequential TTPs from patients with S.?aureus bacteraemia persisting for >48?h were analysed with respect to clinical parameters and patient outcome at a tertiary hospital. During the 5-year study period, 87 patients (9.2%; mean age of 64?years) had persistent S.?aureus bacteraemia, with an average Pittsburgh bacteraemia score of 2.7. Forty-eight patients (55%) had methicillin-resistant S.?aureus infection, and 28 (32%) had nosocomial infection. The most common underlying disease was end-stage renal disease (43%). The most common type of infection was catheter-related infection (31%), followed by infective endocarditis (18%). The in-hospital mortality rate was 40%. Higher Pittsburgh scores (p?0.005; OR?1.37; 95%?CI?1.1�C1.7) and a second TTP/first TTP ratio of  included older age (p?0.02; OR?0.96; 95%?CI?0.92�C0.99) and inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy (p?0.01; OR?3.53; 95%?CI?1.42�C8.78). Among patients with persistent S.?aureus bacteraemia, a second TTP/first TTP [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/MLN-2238.html Selleck Ixazomib] ratio of [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Abiraterone.html Abiraterone chemical structure] to more pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. Despite their importance, we have a limited knowledge about the prevalence, distribution and genetic content of specific MGEs in enterococcal populations. Molecular epidemiological studies of enterococcal MGEs have been hampered by the lack of standardized molecular typing methods and relevant genome information. This review focuses on recent developments in the detection of MGEs and their contribution to the spread of antimicrobial resistance in clinically relevant enterococci. Enterococci are important nosocomial pathogens [1]. They are uniquely armed for the antibiotic era and express intrinsic reduced susceptibility to major classes of antimicrobial agents and biocides [2,3].