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Risk factors for MDR P.?aeruginosa, A.?baumannii and ESBL-producing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducin Transducin] GNB were determined using univariate and multivariate analysis. Five hundred and eleven consecutive patients were included; ICU-acquired MDR P.?aeruginosa was diagnosed in 82 (16%) patients, A.?baumannii in 57 (11%) patients, and ESBL-producing GNB in 50 (9%) patients. Independent risk factors for ICU-acquired MDR P.?aeruginosa were prior occupant with MDR P.?aeruginosa (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2�C4.3, p?0.012), surgery (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1�C3.6, p?0.024), and prior piperacillin/tazobactam use (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1�C1.3, p?0.040). Independent risk factors for ICU-acquired A.?baumannii were prior occupant with A.?baumannii (OR 4.2, 95% CI 2�C8.8, p?[http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Staurosporine.html Smad inhibitor] results of a recent large international study performed in 1265 ICUs [1], infection was present in 51% of the 13?796 included patients. Infection was microbiologically confirmed in 69.8% of these patients, and MDR bacteria accounted for 44% of all bacteria. Patients with ICU-acquired infections related to MDR bacteria frequently receive inappropriate initial antibiotic treatment [2,3]. In addition, infections related to these bacteria are associated with increased morbidity and mortality [4,5]. Patients in the ICU are commonly exposed to broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents, and the ICU presents ample opportunities for the cross-transmission of MDR bacteria from patient to patient [6]. Environmental contamination with MDR bacteria occurs during the care of patients [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk126.html GSK126] harbouring these bacteria [7,8]. Huang et?al. [9] performed a 20-month retrospective multicentre study to determine the risk of acquiring resistant bacteria from prior room occupants. Among patients whose prior room occupant was positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 3.9% acquired MRSA compared with 2.9% of patients whose prior room occupant was MRSA negative (OR 1.4, p?0.04). Among patients whose prior room occupant was positive for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), these values were 4.5% and 2.8%, respectively (OR 1.4, p?0.02). Another recent study was performed during a 14-month period [10]. Weekly environmental cultures, and twice weekly patient surveillance cultures were performed in two ICUs.