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Please note: Wiley-Blackwell are not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. ""Background Findings from studies of the relation between early antibiotic use and subsequent asthma have been inconsistent, which may be attributable to methodologic issues. Objective Our objective was to assess the impact of confounding by indication on the relation of early antibiotic use to childhood asthma through age 5 in a non-selected birth cohort (n=424). Methods Oral antibiotic use was assessed by frequent nurse interviews in the first 9 months of life. Physician-diagnosed active asthma and eczema were assessed by questionnaire at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years, and were considered as ever asthma or ever eczema if positive at any age. Allergen-specific [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/sch772984.html selleck chemicals llc] IgE was assessed in plasma at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years. Confounding by indication was investigated by considering the relation of asthma to antibiotic use while controlling for the number of illness visits to a physician in early life. Results There was no statistically significant relation [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/dabrafenib-gsk2118436.html www.selleckchem.com/products/dabrafenib-gsk2118436.html] of early antibiotic use with physician-diagnosed eczema or allergen-specific IgE. A dose�Cresponse relation was evident for antibiotic use with ever asthma (odds ratio [OR]=1.5, P=0.047). Ever asthma also increased significantly with the number of illness visits to a physician (P[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritonavir Ritonavir] use and risk for asthma. Cite this as: Y. Su, J. Rothers, D. A. Stern, M. Halonen and A. L. Wright, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1222�C1229. ""The impact of early childhood traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) exposure on development of asthma and allergies remains unclear. Birth cohort studies are the best available study design to answer this question, but the evidence from such studies has not been synthesized to date. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of published birth cohort studies to understand the association between early childhood TRAP exposure, and subsequent asthma, allergies and sensitization. Increased longitudinal childhood exposure to PM2.5 and black carbon was associated with increasing risk of subsequent asthma in childhood (PM2.5: OR 1.14, 95%CI 1.00 to 1.30 per 2?��g/m3 and black carbon: OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05 to 1.38 per 1?��?10?5?m?1). Also, early childhood exposure to TRAP was associated with development of asthma across childhood up to 12?years of age. The magnitude of these associations increased with age, and the pattern was prominent for PM2.5. Increasing exposure to PM2.