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Out of 118 presentations, 107 sputum inductions were performed but only 74 patients were able to produce specimens. Of these, 12 were inadequate for cell counts: nine produced slides that were of insufficient quality (salivary squamous cells were above 30% of total sputum cells) and in three, there were processing errors. This left 62 specimens in which a sputum differential and cell count was possible. Sputum cell counts for all subjects are presented in Table?S1 and Figure?S2 of the supporting information available online. In exacerbations of asthma, neutrophils were significantly higher than when stable (75.1?��?9.2 vs 33.6?��?5.9%, P?=?0.01, Fig.?S2a of the supporting information available online), with a corresponding [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Methazolastone.html learn more] reduction in macrophages (20.0?��?8.4 vs 57.4?��?5.9%, P?=?0.008, Fig.?S2b), as were lymphocytes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR1 DDR1] (1.4?��?0.6 vs 4.6?��?1.1%, P?=?0.02, Fig.?S2c). There was a higher total cell count in the acute asthmatics compared with stable asthmatics (103.3?��?27.3 vs 39.9?��?13.8 �� 106?cells/mL, P?=?0.04). In COPD patients, eosinophils were higher when acutely unwell compared with when stable (7.9?��?4.2 vs 1.3?��?0.6%, P?=?0.03, Fig.?S2d), while neutrophils were high in both stable and exacerbating subjects, but to a similar extent. Cell counts were similar in control subjects when acute and stable presentations were compared. Comparison of stable cell counts between asthma and COPD patients revealed higher neutrophils in the COPD subjects (33.6?��?5.9 vs 76.5?��?9.0%, P?=?0.006) and higher macrophages (57.3?��?5.9 vs 20.3?��?85%, P?=?0.007) and lymphocytes (4.5?��?1.1 vs 1.7?��?0.7%, P?=?0.03) in the asthmatics. There were no significant differences in acute sputum cellular profiles. Comparison of stable cell counts between asthma and COPD patients revealed higher neutrophils in the COPD subjects (33.6?��?5.9 vs 76.5?��?9.0%, P?=?0.006) and higher macrophages (57.3?��?5.9 vs 20.3?��?8.5%, P?=?0.007) and lymphocytes (4.5?��?1.1 vs 1.1?��?1.7%, P?=?0.03) in the asthmatics. There were no differences in stable eosinophil counts, nor were there significant differences in acute sputum cellular profiles. Results from asthma, COPD and control groups were pooled and analysed together comparing stable with acute presentations, see Table?6. IP-10 was higher [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-888.html Veliparib purchase] in acutely unwell compared with stable subjects (188.6?��?102.1 vs 5.40?��?1.28?pg/mL, P?=?0.0055, Fig.?3a). There was a highly significantly elevated neopterin level in sputum supernatant in the acute compared with stable subjects (15.81?��?2.50 vs 5.38?��?0.45?nmol/L, P?