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Stents are typically deployed to the extent of 1�C2 mm into the aortic lumen in order to completely eliminate ostial lesions. Figure 1 78-year-old woman with medically refractory hypertension and renal artery stenosis. (a) Abdominal aortogram exhibits stenosis of proximal renal arteries bilaterally (arrowheads). (b) Right renal arteriogram better delineates stenosis [http://www.selleckchem.com/Akt.html Akt inhibitor] (arrowheads). (c) ... Procedure clinical outcomes Technically successful intervention is defined by less than 30% residual stenosis at the narrowest point of the vascular lumen and restoration of the pressure gradient to below the selected threshold for intervention.[1] Technical success rates vary based on the chosen intervention. A meta-analysis by Rees reported 99% technical success following stent placement, compared with 55% for ostial and 70% for non-ostial stenoses treated by angioplasty.[5] Clinical success following renal revascularization depends, in part, on the etiology, location, and extent of the underlying stenosis. Only a small percentage of patients with atherosclerotic RAS are reported as cured following treatment. In a recent multicenter randomized controlled trial, Cooper et al., found no difference in the occurrence of adverse renal or cardiovascular [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/epz-6438.html Selleckchem EPZ 6438] events among patients randomized to medical therapy alone or in conjunction with renal artery stenting.[6] Outcomes are more favorable in patients with FMD, however. A meta-analysis by Martin et al., found a mean cure rate of 44% following transcatheter treatment of RAS secondary to FMD (majority with the"medial fibroplastic" type).[1] Davidson et al., reported that younger age, milder hypertension, and shorter duration of hypertension were statistically significant independent variables predicting clinically successful results from angioplasty in patients with FMD.[7] Complication rates following transcatheter treatment of RAS range from 5 to 15%. Minor access site complications such as hematoma and pseudoaneurysm formation are the most common (3�C5%), while uncommon complications include renal artery dissection (5%), renal failure (5%), cholesterol embolization syndrome (1%), need for salvage surgical intervention ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montelukast Montelukast Sodium] and death (0.5%).[2] RENAL ARTERY (PSEUDO) ANEURYSM Epidemiology and pathophysiology A true renal artery aneurysm (RAA) is defined as an expansion of all layers of the arterial wall, whereas a renal artery pseudoaneurysm (RAP) is an expansion of the renal artery with focal disruption of the arterial wall.[8] RAAs are uncommon, with an incidence of ��1%. In women with FMD, however, the incidence may approach 10%.[9] Other etiologies of RAAs and/or RAPs include degenerative aneurysms, vasculitis, trauma, and percutaneous renal interventions.[10] RAAs are typically asymptomatic. Symptoms arise from rupture, embolization of the peripheral arterial bed, arterial thrombosis, or renal failure. RAAs are associated with hypertension in up to 73% of cases and hematuria in up to 30% of cases.