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Smoking exposes the fetus to nicotine as well as other toxins and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resminostat Resminostat] hypoxia because of increased carbon monoxide concentrations in maternal blood. Nicotine replacement therapy exposes the fetus to only one of these risks. The report argues, therefore, that the risks of using NRT should be weighed against the harm potentially caused by continued smoking. It also advises that NRT should be used early in pregnancy with the aim of discontinuing use after 2�C3 months. Finally, the report argues that whilst nicotine from NRT can be transmitted to a baby through breastfeeding, any risk is theoretical and not evidence-based, whereas the risk of continued smoking is known. Further research is needed to clarify the efficacy and safety of NRT in pregnancy. Whilst drugs such as bupropion and, more recently, varenicline, have proven effective in increasing cessation rates in the general population, the drug manufacturers and NICE state they are [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-809.html Selleck Lumacaftor] contraindicated for use in pregnancy. Some data37 have suggested, however, that the use of bupropion in pregnancy is effective and does not lead to more complications compared with continued smoking. The review of cessation methods suggests that one-to-one counselling, group therapy and, to a lesser extent, NRT should all be offered by smoking cessation services to pregnant women. A review of epidemiological data is, however, necessary to elicit trends specific to pregnant women that could lead to more effective and targeted service provision. The UK government 2005 Infant Feeding Survey2 reveals social and economic trends specific to pregnancy. For example, 49% of mothers [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Bafilomycin-A1.html this website] at areas of economic deprivation. Mindful of this trend, the UK government has used tax hikes on tobacco as a method of promoting cessation. Some studies have shown a direct correlation between tobacco price and cessation success.39 Much research implicates specific social parameters as being predictors of smoking during pregnancy. Smoking in partners and close family has been strongly linked with continued smoking.40 Levels of self-esteem and self-confidence have also been shown to be predictors of cessation success.