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However, the number of cases in Indonesia continues to rise, making the epidemic in this country one of the fastest growing in Asia[9,10]. HBV/HIV CO-INFECTION IN ASIA Epidemiology and risk factors Approximately 240 million people are chronically infected with HBV, approximately 600000 of whom die each year of HBV-related diseases or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)[11]. Although the global prevalence of HBV varies from region to region, approximately 5%-10% of HIV-infected individuals are chronically infected, which is defined as persistent detection of hepatitis B surface antigen [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglyceride diglyceride] (HBsAg) for more than 6 mo. In areas with a low HBV prevalence ([http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ldn193189.html LDN-193189 in vitro] country with low endemicity of HBV infection in Asia[7]; however, it is 10 times more prevalent among HIV-infected individuals. A higher prevalence of HBV/HIV co-infection compared with the [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/a-1210477.html A-1210477 manufacturer] prevalence of HBV infection alone is observed in Indonesia, Vietnam, and India. Interestingly, Ae (HBV/Ae), which originated in Europe and the United States, is the most common HBV genotype in HBV/HIV co-infected patients in Japan, even though HBV/B and HBV/C are indigenous[34]. An individual infected with HBV/Ae (as opposed to other HBV genotypes) is at a higher risk of co-infection with HIV. Furthermore, HBV/Ae (which tends to be chronic)[29] is detected almost exclusively in homosexual men[28-30]. Indeed, in Myanmar, homosexual men carry the greatest risk of being co-infected with HBV and HIV[17], and an increased prevalence of HBV/HIV infection is also observed in men with a history of IDU[26]. A substantial number of HBV-infected individuals in Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, and India are also infected with HIV (15.3%, 28.0%, 13.0% and 11.3%, respectively)[6,15,16,19,21,32,35]. Indonesia is currently experiencing an increasing HIV incidence and a high HBV burden[6,15,17]; however, no HBV/HIV co-infection cases have been identified in commercial sex workers (CSW)[35]. In Thailand, HBV/HIV co-infection is more common in HIV-infected adolescents who are negative for anti-HBV antibodies[18].