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Valence and arousal ratings Figure ?Figure44 shows that the asymmetric U-shaped function relating valence to arousal ratings also holds for auditory stimuli, thus providing a novel cross-modal cross-validation for the visual data from Experiments 1 and 2. Valence ratings in both modalities (compared with the ratings from Experiment 1) were highly correlated [r = 0.94, F(83, 1) = 659.52, p  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azastene Azastene] are summarized in Table ?Table33. Figure 4 Correlations of z-transformed mean valence and arousal values for the auditory kidBAWL. Table 3 Three-free-parameter model fit of mean valence and arousal ratings for auditory kidBAWL. Valence rating latency (RTs) A second novelty of Experiment 3 was the measurement of valence rating latencies. The data are summarized in Figure ?Figure5,5, showing that the typical inversely U-shaped function found in the binary VDT (Experiment 2) also holds for rating latencies1 with the notable difference that parameter A is much higher. This indicates that latencies are about 2.5 times slower than binary decisions, the extra time being due to processes attributing a rating value to each word, extra sensorimotor time, and possibly also to the significantly younger age of the children compared to those of the previous studies. The results for the three-free-parameter model are summarized in Table ?Table44. Figure 5 Mean rating latencies (RTs) as a function of z-transformed mean valence [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0941.html Pictilisib supplier] ratings for the auditory kidBAWL. Table 4 Three-free-parameter model fit of z-transformed mean valence �� mean rating latencies (RT) for auditory kidBAWL. Overall, the results summarized in Figures [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ve-821.html selleck chemical] ?Figures4,4, ?,55 cross-validate those of Experiments 1 and 2 indicating that for the present age group and stimuli, valence, and arousal ratings are virtually independent of presentation mode, while valence rating latencies in the auditory modality are slowed by a factor of about 2.5 with regard to RTs in the VDT. Age and gender effects There was a significant effect of age on mean valence rating latencies [RT = 14546 �C 832 �� age; F(1, 27) = 5.67, p