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The rate of post-OHT malignancy in group I was higher than that in group II (14/107(13%) vs. 386/7062 (5.4%), p?=?0.001). Children who developed malignancy in group I had similar survival as children who developed malignancy in group II. Post-transplant survival is similar in children with and without pretransplant malignancy in spite of higher rate of malignancy in children with pretransplant malignancy. OHT appears to be a reasonable treatment option in children who develop end-stage heart disease after malignancy treatment. ""Increased focus on the potential negative side effects of steroid usage in pediatric transplantation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleroxacin Fleroxacin] has led to steroid minimization or steroid-free transplantation. In this study, we report results after complete steroid avoidance in renal transplantation in the period 1994�C2009. We evaluate the effects of complete steroid avoidance on allograft function, BMI, and linear growth. The majority of transplanted children were induced with antithymocyte globulin and immunosuppressed with a calcineurin inhibitor and mycophenolate mofetil. Steroids were given only when rejection occurred or due to comorbidities. Anthropometric data were collected from 65 transplantations in 60 children. Patient survival was 93%; graft [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/RO4929097.html Proteases inhibitor] survival was 81% after five?yr (N?=?42) and 63% after 10?yr (N?=?16). Acute rejection within the first year of transplantation was 9%. The distribution of the children's BMI before transplantation was normal; the mean BMI-SDS was 0.21 before transplantation, and this value remained stable during the next five?yr. Post-transplantation the children demonstrated significant improved growth as the mean height-SDS increased significantly from ?1.7 to ?1.1. Catch-up growth was most pronounced in the youngest ([http://www.selleckchem.com/products/NVP-AUY922.html http://www.selleckchem.com/products/NVP-AUY922.html] after transplantation [1]. The high rate of obesity is a cause of major concern, as obesity in pediatric transplant patients has been associated with an increased mortality rate from cardiovascular disease [5] and decreased allograft function [6]. One of the major factors leading to overweight and obesity is the use of systemic steroids in the immunosuppressive protocols. Several studies describe a positive correlation between steroid dosing, the rise in BMI and weight gain after renal transplantation [2, 7]. Pretransplantation most of the children have short stature due to chronic kidney disease [8]. Following transplantation, the improved longitudinal growth mirrors the overall well-being of the child; however, complete catch-up is rarely attained.