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(2007). Under alkaline conditions,  ferrous iron is only present in the absence of oxygen, which may occur more often in the deeper parts of the mat, away from the higher levels of oxygen in the upper part of the mat that are produced by Synechococcus [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AG-014699.html learn more] populations experiencing higher irradiance levels and longer periods of exposure to light (Jensen et al., 2010). Interestingly, the feoAB genes discovered by Bhaya et al. (2007) were found on metagenomic clones that were most closely related to the B��-lineage, which may indicate the existence of low-light-adapted B��-lineage ecotypes as well as low-light-adapted A-lineage PEs. This might explain the inability of the B��-like strain studied by Kilian et al. (2007) to grow at high irradiance, if it contained only low-light-adapted, B��-lineage ecotypes. In contrast to the low-light-adapted strains, the high-light-adapted strains PE A1-OS and A1-MS both contain an extra carbonic anhydrase gene, which may enhance growth under CO2-limiting conditions when bicarbonate is present. The extra carbonic anhydrase may enhance conversion of bicarbonate to CO2. CO2 limitation caused  by high rates of photosynthesis during peak irradiance has been indicated by an increase in pH when rates of oxygenic photosynthesis are high (Jensen et al., 2010). This observation led us to demonstrate that the growth rate of the PE A1-MS  strain, but not a strain without the extra carbonic anhydrase gene, was increased by the addition of bicarbonate under carbon-limiting conditions (Supplementary Figure S3 and Supplementary Methods), which implies that this gene may provide increased fitness under such conditions. The high-light-adapted PE A1-OS and A1-MS strains also have unique genes involved in the TCA cycle (sdhA) and virus infection (Type III CRISPR/cas array), which may be indicative of uncharacterized environmental realities of the high-light-adapted strains compared to the low-light-adapted strains. Transcription patterns differ for genes associated with strains representative of different PEs. We were able to exploit the relatively high sequence divergence of the rpsbA gene to show that the transcription timing of this gene by low-light-adapted PE A4 and A14 populations found deepest in the mat green layer differed from that of the high-light-adapted PE A1 population residing above them. Specifically, transcription in PEs found deeper in the mat started earlier in the afternoon and ended later in the morning. Jensen et al. (2010) reported a similar transcription pattern for this gene in B��-like Synechococcus. Furthermore, by recruiting B��-like transcripts from the metatranscriptome, we were able to show that B��-like populations in the 60��C mat, which have been shown to predominate in the uppermost part of the mat green layer (see Figure 3 of Becraft et al., 2015 and Ramsing et al.