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[1] In PS, children present at a mean of 4.7 years (range 1�C14 years) with rare seizures, which are prolonged and nocturnal. Seizures begin with autonomic features such as vomiting, pallor and sweating followed by tonic eye deviation, impairment of consciousness and may evolve to a hemi-clonic or generalized convulsion. Autonomic status epilepticus may occur. Prognosis is excellent.[2,3] Gastaut syndrome presents at a mean of 8 years (range 3�C16 years). Seizures are frequent, brief and diurnal. They comprise simple partial seizures [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html Selleckchem Epacadostat] characterized by initial visual hallucinations such as phosphenes and/or ictal blindness and illusions; post-ictal headache is common. Impairment of consciousness is rare unless associated with hemi-clonic or generalized convulsions. Seizures remit within 2�C5 years.[4,5] In literature, we have not found studies are re-available on factors associated with initial poor response to antiepileptic drugs (AED) with BOEC. Therefore, we conducted a retrospectively study designed to identify the risk factors associated with initial poor response to AEDs in children with BOEC. Materials and Methods This study was conducted a retrospective study of 42 children diagnosed with BOEC and started on an AED in the pediatric neurology department of our hospital. Children were included in the study if they met both the clinical and electroencephalographic criteria of benign childhood epilepsy with BOEC as set out by the International League against Epilepsy in 1989[1] and treated [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/MG132.html check details] with AEDs for the 1st time. The AED treatment has started if they have atleast two unprovoke typical seizures and abnormal findings on electroencephalogram (EEG). Children with obvious neurological deficit were excluded from the study. The data were retrospectively collected from the clinic files and included sex, consanguinity, history of family epilepsy and febrile seizure, age of seizure onset, frequency of seizures, type of BOEC, history of status epilepticus, duration of starting first treatment, and EEG findings (lateralization and suppressed by eye opening). Success of initial AED was defined as obtaining complete seizure control with the first AED. Failure [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATPase ATPase] of initial AED treatment was defined as the inability to attain complete seizure control with the first appropriate AED. The SPSS version 19.00 was used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was accepted at P