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, 2001; Simon et al., 2002; Beauvais et al., 2006). Heterotrophic bacterial [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-specific_serine/threonine_protein_kinase Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase] abundances (BA) were 4�C30-fold higher in the Qishon estuary (27 �� 14 �� 108 cells L?1) than at the coastal station (Figure ?(Figure3D).3D). Additionally, BA was found to gradually increase with distance from the coastal environment (R2= 0.75, P = 0.008, n = 7), peaking at the bottom of station E3 (Figure ?(Figure3D3D and Figure S1C). Often BA comprises a mixture of bacteria with high nucleic acid (HNA) content and bacteria with low nucleic acid (LNA) content (Gasol and del Giorgio, 2000). HNA cells are usually larger and more active than LNA cells (Gasol and del Giorgio, 2000; Servais et al., 2003). In the Qishon estuary and the coastal station, HNA bacteria cells were 2�C3-fold more abundant than LNA cells. These high ratios between HNA to LNA cells (>1) provide indirect indication that most of the bacterial community was highly active during the sampling period. Along the Qishon estuary, bacterial production rates (BP) ranged from 74 to 121 ��g C L?1 d?1, and were significantly higher (4�C7-fold) than at the coastal station (Figure ?(Figure3E).3E). Similar to [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/PF-2341066.html buy Crizotinib] phytoplankton and BA, BP were also positively correlated with distance from the coastal environment (R2 = 0.83, P = 0.003, n = 7). All the above indicate that the microbial community was highly active throughout the estuary (Figure S1D). In fact, BP rates measured in the Qishon estuary were greater than most estuary systems (Ducklow and Carlson, 1992; Meon and Amon, 2004; Apple et al., 2006; Barrera-Alba et al., 2009; Santos et al., 2014), but were in agreement with rates reported from Pensacola [http://www.selleckchem.com/ROCK.html Rho kinase activity] Bay estuary in northwestern Florida (Murrell, 2003) and the Hudson River estuary (Findlay et al., 1991). Surprisingly, bacterial production per cell remained constant throughout the different sampling stations, ranging between 28 and 44 fg C cell?1 d?1. The sharp rise in BP and BA through the Qishon estuary, while retaining constant BP per cell, implies that the carbon assimilation rate reached a maximum of 36 �� 7 fg C cell?1 d?1 for the average bacterial cell. �� -glucosidase (��-glu) is one of various enzymes that are secreted by bacteria (hence defined as an ectoenzyme) to hydrolyze polysaccharides such as TEP into smaller, bio-available macromolecules (Radi? et al., 2006; Engel et al., 2014). Similar to TEP, ��-glu hydrolysis rates were significantly higher (2�C3-fold) in all estuary samples than the coastal reference station and were positively correlated (R2 = 0.88, P = 0.002, n = 7) with distance from the coast (Figure ?(Figure3F3F and Figure S1E). For all estuary sampling points, ��-glu comprised 30% of the total assimilated carbon measured as BP, indicating on the importance of polysaccharide hydrolysis as a new-bioavailable carbon source in this system. Additionally, significant positive correlations were observed between TEP to bacterial abundance (R2 = 0.95, P