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25(OH)D nmol/L There was a strong interaction between the genetic risk score (comprising IL4 and MS4A2) and VDD on total IgE levels (P interaction?=?0.009), such that the elevated total IgE concentrations associated with VDD were most pronounced in the carriers of the two risk alleles (��T�� allele in MS4A2 and ��C�� allele in IL4) (Fig.?1). Further exploratory analyses provided no evidence for interaction between the remaining 24 SNPs and VDD on total IgE (P?>?0.16 for all comparisons). In this study, we have examined the association of 27 potentially functional SNPs [14] with total IgE and specific IgE in the 1958BC and found that after accounting for multiple testing, four SNPs were significantly associated with total IgE levels and three SNPs with specific [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/lee011.html Cell Cycle inhibitor] IgE. Interestingly, one of the genes implicated with both outcomes (CYP24A1) has a primary effect on vitamin [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/mi-773-sar405838.html MI-773 cost] D metabolism [25] rather than on immunological factors more closely related to allergy risk. Our study also confirmed that modification by other immune-related genetic factors is likely to affect the influence of vitamin D status on allergy risk. A previous study had shown that VDD increases the risk of food sensitization among children, depending on their IL4 and MS4A2 genotypes [14]. Our findings for total IgE suggest that such effect modification is implicative of a gene�Cenvironment interaction that is also relevant to adults. It is important to note that while our study was conducted in an adult British white population, the study by Liu et?al. [14] was performed in children comprising approximately 57% Blacks, 22% Hispanics, 6% Whites, and 15% others. Differences in the ethnic mix between the studies are likely to explain the difference in the proportion carrying the ��C�� allele of the IL4 SNP rs2243250 between the two studies [87% in the 1958BC vs 37% in the Liu et?al. [14]]. This difference in allele distribution is in accordance with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otenabant Otenabant] large differences in allele frequencies between populations, as reported in the recent HapMap [24] (Table?4), which has been shown to be a reliable tool in making inferences based on the comparison of allele frequencies and genetic association data across populations [26]. Despite these differences in the frequency of risk allele carriers, the association between VDD and increased allergy risk only for ��C�� allele carriers appears to be consistent across diverse populations [14]. However, as most individuals in white European groups, or indeed individuals of Indian origin, carry the risk allele, VDD is likely to be a more important determinant for allergy risk for them than for individuals from some other ethnic groups. Similar large variation in allele frequencies was not seen for the minor ��T�� allele of the MS4A2 SNP, rs512555, which was relatively rare across populations (