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, Paoli, PA 19301-1222, USA) according to the recommendation of Sanders and Gregory or with a calcaneal interlocking nail with 2 locking screws (Calcanail?, FH ORTHOPEDICS, 68990 Heimsbrunn, France) according the original implantation technique [25]?and?[28] (Fig. 1). A hydraulic testing machine (monoaxial MTS? machine with 25?kN of maximum load, MTS? headquarters, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) was employed for compressive loading, force and motion analysis. The talus, the anterior calcaneal process [http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/Paclitaxel(Taxol).html check details] and the calcaneal tuberosity were fixed each with epoxy power glue (Pattex?, Henkel AG & Co. KGaA Headquarters, D-440589 D��sseldorf, Germany) to the fixation devices providing a 15�� calcaneal inclination angle and a hindfoot angle of 0�� to simulate the anatomic position of the heel. The calcaneal tuberosity was positioned onto a sliding platform to avoid any additional shear forces during vertical loading (Fig. 2a and b). Progressive loads were applied through the corresponding talus. As pretests had shown that corroded bones were far not able to carry load levels of 1000?N and more as applied by Bardet et al. in fresh-frozen cadaveric bones the original testing protocol was modified [26]. A preload of 18?N was applied at a constant loading velocity (0.5?mm/min) via the traverse of the testing machine carrying the embedded talus. The calcaneus was instrumented with a total of 8 extensometric sensors to record the displacement of each fracture element during loading. Sensors 2 and 3 registered the deformation of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTMR9 MTMR9] subtalar joint fragment (Fig. 3). The resolution of the sensors corresponded to 0.02?mm. Load-deformation diagrams and sensor displacements were registered at a frequency of 1?Hz via Catman? AP data software [http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/Staurosporine.html see more] (HBM Deutschland, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany) (Fig. 3). All data were exported and stored for further statistical analysis. First fracture was determined from the load-deformation diagram as the first ��step�� or levelling within the corresponding curve while the specimen could further carry increased loading. Failure (end-point) was defined as a simultaneous further deformation of the specimen and a decrease of the load level [29]?and?[30]. The stiffness was determined via the slope of the load-deformation diagram before the first fracture occurred. All specimens were examined after failure to check for the failure pattern and maintenance of Boehler's angle (Fig. 4). Data were analysed for normal distribution first. In case of missing normal distribution a Mann�CWhitney rank sum test was applied then, otherwise a paired t-test. The null hypothesis at the level of p?