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In some instances (Fig. 2B) autologous or synthetic patch material may also be considered. Patient age group, severity of aortic disruption and presence of intra-abdominal contamination are all key factors that are likely to influence the surgeon's choices. Endovascular therapy has become widely accepted during the last two decades and [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AG-014699.html Rucaparib clinical trial] is now the first line strategy for blunt aortic isthmus disruption. To the best of our knowledge, only one case has been reported in the abdominal aorta. This concerned a 10-year-old boy who underwent immediate endovascular treatment of his post-traumatic abdominal aortic transection.26 The follow-up was still uneventful at 4 years.27 Alleged advantages included the avoidance of a more invasive surgical insult on a poly-traumatised patient and eventually the prevention of graft contamination from associated bowel injuries.26 This remains [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/otx015.html OTX015 purchase] however anecdotal and requires further evaluation. Analysis of data from 40 paediatric patients with blunt abdominal aortic injuries has allowed us to outline the following conclusions. These studies are observational, so the results in the literature should be interpreted with caution. Symptomatic lesions and complete ruptures should undergo immediate surgical repair. Circumferential intimal transections are at high risk of complication and should also undergo surgery. Partial intimal transections and delayed pseudoaneurysms can be initially observed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALPI ALPI] clinical examination and imaging. These patients should be operated on at any sign of deterioration. In the future, endovascular graft might become an interesting way to treat abdominal aortic injuries in children. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. ""Routine surgical exploration for patients who present with penetrating extremity trauma and signs of ischaemia, absent pulse, large or expanding haematoma, haemorrhage with hypotension, bruit, or thrill is widely accepted management. The treatment of asymptomatic penetrating proximity extremity trauma (PPET) remains controversial. An arterial pressure index (API) of