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, 2013). Moreover, IF experiments with antibodies specific for OR proteins (Barnea et?al., 2004?and?Lomvardas et?al., 2006) show that in the ATF5 KO MOEs the numbers [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ch5424802.html selleckchem] of OR-expressing neurons are significantly reduced and neurons that do express ORs have much weaker IF signal compared to control littermates (Figures 3E, 3F, S2B, and S2C for quantitation for MOR28 IF signal and numbers of MOR28-expressing cells; similar results obtained for ORs M71 and M50, data not shown). RNA-seq analysis from control and ATF5 KO mice supports these observations showing significant reduction of OR mRNA in the ATF5 KO MOEs (Figure?2G). ATF5 deletion results in an even more dramatic downregulation of mature OSN marker expression (Figures 2H and S2C). Given that we already established that nAtf5 is produced only in response to OR expression, if this is the isoform involved in this process, then OR downregulation reflects OR choice stabilization defects and not deficiencies in initiation of OR expression, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonucleotide_reductase Ribonucleotide reductase] similar to the ones observed in the Adcy3 KO mice (Lyons et?al., 2013). This hypothesis is supported by the sustained LSD1 expression in the ATF5 KO mice, which results in frequent OR gene switching. To test this, we used a lineage tracing strategy that provides a reliable and reproducible readout for the stability of OR choice (Shykind et?al., 2004). Briefly, we crossed the MOR28-IRES-Cre allele, which expresses Cre recombinase under the control of the highly-expressed OR MOR28, to the Cre inducible fluorescent reporter Rosa lox-stop-lox Tomato (Madisen et?al., 2010) and we counted the numbers of MOR28+/Tomato+ OSNs in control and ATF5 KO MOEs (schematic of this strategy in Figure?3A). Notably, due to incompatibility of Cre and Tomato antibodies, we cannot distinguish between the Cre-expressing and the wild-type MOR28 alleles; however, the switching phenotype observed in the ATF5 KO is so robust (p value?[http://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-770.html selleck products] demonstration that ATF5 is necessary for the stabilization of OR choice, together with the observation that translation of the nuclear ATF5 isoform is OR dependent, invite the hypothesis that the posttranscriptional regulation of ATF5 plays a crucial role on the feedback signal. As described above, the ATF5 transcript contains an inhibitory upstream open reading frame (iuORF), which is out of frame with the overlapping Atf5 coding sequence (CDS), such that the iuORF and CDS are translated in a mutually exclusive fashion (Watatani et?al., 2008?and?Zhou et?al.