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This condition was similar to the test condition, however, the red table was not present at all, and both subject and partner had no opportunity to exchange tokens in this condition. Motivation control condition (Figure ?(Figure1D1D) Since the subjects were not able to gain any rewards in either of the above-mentioned conditions, we also performed a motivation control condition. This condition was added to test- and both control conditions to both keep the subjects motivated and to test for general motivation. The motivation control condition was the same as the test condition, however, the red table was placed in front of the compartment  of the subject instead of in front of the partner's compartment, thereby allowing the subject to exchange all 10 tokens it was [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BI6727-Volasertib.html see more] provided with. Whenever, a subject exchanged a token it received a piece (1/8th) of a dog biscuit (frolic?) and verbal praise. Each condition lasted until the 10  tokens were transferred or exchanged, or until a maximum of 10 min. The experiments were recorded using two Canon LEGRIA? HD-camcorders. Experiment 2 For Experiment 2 the group's home aviary was split into three compartments: two large compartments (each 6 �� 15 �� 5 m) on the outsides and one smaller compartment (3 �� 5 �� 5 m) in the middle, all separated by wire mesh. During testing the subject was always in the middle compartment, whereas the rest of the group (the remaining 9 birds) was either in the compartment to the left or to the right of the subject. Each bird was tested as subject 2 times in all 4 different conditions (non-costly ��prosociality�� test condition, social control condition, costly ��prosociality�� test condition, costly ��prosociality�� control condition; Figure ?Figure2);2); i.e., 8 times in total. The order of conditions was semi-randomized; i.e., 2 subsequent runs of all four conditions were carried out per individual; each run started with a different condition, and the different orders were pseudo-randomized across the 8 individuals. Also the position of the group, i.e., either  to the left or to the right of the subject's compartment, was counterbalanced across the 8 individuals, and was counterbalanced per individual over the 2 repetitions. Subjects were tested only once per day. Figure 2 Schematic representation of the different conditions in which the birds were tested in experiment 2: (A) Test condition; (B) Social Control condition; (C) ��Costly Prosociality�� Test condition; (D) ��Costly Prosociality�� ... Test condition (Figure ?(Figure2A2A) At the start of the test condition, the subject received 15 tokens (i.e., were casted into the test/middle compartment by the experimenter). However, the subject did not have the opportunity to exchange the tokens with the experimenter, since both red tables were placed in front of the adjacent compartments: one in which the group was present, one that was empty.