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032, d = 0.292) while no significant [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/CAL-101.html buy CAL-101] difference was found for recalling this type of event in the past. For events about exploration/recreation, Chinese participants recalled more than the Australians (p  = 6.945) while no significant difference was found when participants were imagining the future. For events about  relationships, Chinese participants recalled more than Australian participants (p = 0.003, d = 0.391) while no significant difference was found in the future condition. For the events about Drug/alcohol, Australian participants recalled more than Chinese participants (p = .029, d = 0.310) while no significant difference was found in the future condition. For events about career, Chinese participants imagined more than Australians (p = 0.026, d = 1.018) while no difference were found for past recall. For events about achievement/mastery, Australian participants imagined more than Chinese (p = 0.026, d = 0.529) while no difference was found for past recall. Table 2 Mean (SD) proportions of different categories of events generated by Chinese and Australian participants. Discussion The present study explored cultural differences in specificity,  emotional valence, and content in mental time travel (past and future) between Chinese and Australians. The main findings are: there was no cultural difference in specificity but cultural differences were found  in emotional valence and content. Compared to Australian participants, Chinese participants recalled more specific positive events than Australians. In addition, Chinese participants generated more events about interpersonal relationships, exploration/recreation, and career, while Australian participants generated more events about life-threatening, drug/alcohol, and achievement/mastery. For specificity, the number of specific events recalled and the number of future events imagined were found to be significantly correlated. In addition, both Chinese and Australian participants generated more specific events about the past than about the future. These results supported the episodic simulation hypothesis that envisioning future events required additional process to recombine the features of past experiences and form into new events although the two processes shared a similar memory system (Schacter et al., 2007). However, our study did not find any cultural differences in specificity. To date, there is only one study that explored cultural differences in mental time travel (Wang et al., 2011). Their results indicated that regardless of recalling the past or imagining the future, people in western culture like European Americans generated more specific information and details than Chinese. This finding was explained in terms of the high-elaborative memory of conversations between mothers and children during childhood.