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""Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Hai Phong, northern Vietnam, was characterized by analyzing the prevalence and genotype distribution of HBV as well as co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among five different risk groups for HIV infection. Plasma samples were collected from intravenous drug users (n?=?760, anti-HIV-1 antibody positive rate: 35.9%), female sex workers (FSWs; n?=?91, 23.1%), seafarers (n?=?94, 0%), pregnant women (n?=?200, 0.5%), and blood donors (n?=?210, 2.9%) in 2007 [Ishizaki et al. (2009): AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 25:175�C182]. Samples were screened for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HBs antibody [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIK-3 PIK-3] and analyzed genetically. The cumulative HBV incidence rate (HBsAg?+?anti-HBs) was 53.2% (10.7?+?42.5%) in intravenous drug users, 51.6% (11.0?+?40.6%) in FSWs, 54.3% (9.6?+?44.7%) in seafarers, 50.5% (12.5?+?38.0%) in pregnant women, and 51.0% (18.1?+?32.9%) in blood donors; there was no significant difference [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/E7080.html Selleck Lenvatinib] among these groups. Of 163 HBsAg-positive samples, 113 could be analyzed genetically. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the preS1 region, revealed genotype B4 was most prevalent (90/113; 79.6%), followed by C1 (17.7%), I1 (1.8%), and B2 (0.9%). There was no significant difference in HBV genotype distribution among different HIV infection-risk groups. The prevalence of HBsAg was 10.3% (31/301) in HIV-1-infected individuals and 12.5% (132/1,054) in non-HIV-1-infected individuals, which was not significant. In addition, no significant difference in HBV genotype distribution was observed between HBV/HIV-1 co-infected and HBV mono-infected groups. These results suggest that, although HBV and HIV-1 share modes of transmission, major transmission [http://www.selleckchem.com/screening/ion-channel-ligand-library.html high throughput screening compounds] routes of HBV have been different from those of HIV-1 in Hai Phong, Vietnam. J. Med. Virol. 83:399�C404, 2011. ? 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ""The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of antiretroviral therapy on inflammatory markers of endothelial dysfunction in HIV treatment-na?ve infected patients. This was a prospective cohort study in HIV treatment-na?ve infected patients. The patients were assigned to a untreated group or a treatment group according to the therapeutic strategy received. Patients in the treatment group received efavirenz or lopinavir/ritonavir, each given with zidovudine and lamivudine.