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Modulation of cytokine expression represents a potentially useful approach for the treatment of PF/IPF. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein_kinase_2 Casein kinase 2] To identify potential targets for such intervention, Real-time RT-PCR was used to compare the expression of messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) coding for 21 cytokines in lung tissue obtained from patients with PF and control subjects. Some cytokines were also studied at the protein level in serum with luminex workstation. RNAs coding for all of the cytokines evaluated were detected in most lung samples. Indeed, when the amounts of cytokine mRNA were compared, mRNAs coding for TGF-?1, TGF-?3,IL-13R��1, IL-13R��2,IL-4R��, MCP-4,MDC and CCl18 were significantly more abundant in lung biopsies from patients with PF compared with those of controls (P?[http://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0449.html Selleck Vismodegib] mRNAs were shown more than 1.5 fold higher in lungs from IPF subjects than those in the control tissues, however, statistical analysis indicated only expression of TGF-?1 mRNA displayed significant difference between IPF and the control group (P?[http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Trichostatin-A.html Trichostatin A chemical structure] TGF��, MMP2, MMP9, MMP12, TGF��2 and TGF��3 between the two groups. There were higher expressions of IL-4, IL-13, TGF��1, TGF��3 and MCP-1 in the serum from the 3 IPF patients than these in the controls. And the levels of IL-4, TGF��1 and MCP-1 showed statistical difference between the two groups (P?