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In the United Kingdom, it was estimated that there were 153,000 men and 26,000 women with severe hearing difficulty whose condition could be attributed to occupational noise exposure [21]. Among United States military personnel, the prevalence of NIHL in males was found to be significantly higher than in females [22]. NIHL was also seen to be more prevalent in the 30�C49 years age group in males, as well as in groups with > 15 years of service in the police force in Brunei Darussalam. Our result is similar to that of other studies showing that the prevalence of NIHL is directly proportional to increasing age and longer [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefaloridine Cefaloridine] duration of service [19,22]. Our study also showed that the prevalence of NIHL in the group wearing hearing [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-809.html VX-809 chemical structure] protective devices (ear muffs) was higher than that in the nonhearing defender user group. However, this was not statistically significant, and this could be attributable to improper usage and poor technique when using hearing protective devices. This could also be due to behavioral change for those known to have some hearing impairment resulting in increased use of hearing protective devices in order to prevent further hearing loss. Studies have shown that acute acoustic trauma due to firearm use in military personnel can be prevented by using appropriate ear defenders that are well fitted for the user during planned training exercises [23�C25]. Some studies have propounded cigarette smoking as an important factor for the increased likelihood of NIHL because of the increased blood viscosity and decreased oxygenation, both of which contribute to the impairment of cochlear circulation [26,27]. By contrast, there are other studies that were not able to show a relationship between smoking and NIHL. Our result is similar to that of the latter group [28,29]. Many studies have looked into the relationship between [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/carfilzomib-pr-171.html see more] preexisting chronic diseases and NIHL, and we attempted to do the same in our local setting in the RBPF. Of the three common chronic diseases studied, only hypertension was found to be statistically significant (P?