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7?and?13 Our endoscopic dissection technique of the basilic vein after a previous first-stage AVF is the same as that for a primary endoscopic transposition. The first stage anastomosis is left undisturbed, and the mature basilic vein is divided before tunneling. The small incision [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-888.html Veliparib] for endoscopic dissection and vein division is usually located just proximal to the cubital fossa and overlying the juncture with the forearm and upper arm basilic veins, allowing creation of a wide flair for the end-to-end anastomosis. Of the 100 consecutive endo/AVF-T operations attempted, 98 were technically successful and form the study group in this report. Two operations were converted to successful open/AVF-T for technical reasons early during the study period before our use of specific vein harvesting devices and were not included in this study. The 98 technically successful endo/AVF-T operations were compared with our previous report of 78 open/AVF-Ts.7 The demographic features were generally similar between the two groups (Table I); however, the number of staged transpositions was proportionately larger in the open/AVF-T cohort. The mean follow-up time was 4 months longer in the open/AVF-T patient group, and the mean age was slightly less. When they were [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Methazolastone.html check details] initially evaluated, 88 patients in the endo/AVF-T study group had started dialysis. Among the 52 patients who had had previous access surgery were 26 with at least one AV graft and 18 with multiple failed AV grafts. The presence of previous AV grafts did not generally affect endo/AVF-T operations, although one slender patient required excision of a graft segment before the newly transposed vein was tunneled. The time to initial dialysis access use and access patency data are reported in Table II. Patency rates did not significantly differ between the two groups; however, initial access utilization was sooner for both primary and staged endo/AVF-Ts (P [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR1 DDR1] during the study period, and three of these individuals were lost to follow-up at 8, 13, and 25 months. One patient with a functional access changed to peritoneal dialysis, and one received a kidney transplant. One individual with a functional endo/AVF-T required urgent surgical exploration for an expanding hematoma and bleeding after cannulation difficulties with loss of the fistula. Inflow was through the proximal radial artery in 25 patients, the ulnar artery in 2, and the brachial artery in the remaining 71.