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For example, it has been shown that the species richness and abundance of terrestrial birds are higher in agriculture-forest mosaics than in large continuous areas of a single habitat such as forests, grasslands, and farmlands (Katayama et?al., 2014), suggesting the important role of habitat heterogeneity in maintaining farmland biodiversity. But it is worth noting that those large continuous tracts of habitat might be important in maintaining certain species (e.g., those that rely on forest or grassland interiors). Although the lack of national-scale data hampers identification of the causes of population declines (see Section 2), results from smaller scale studies can be useful when evaluating serious threats [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-888.html Veliparib research buy] for each taxon. In this section, we start with a brief description of post-war changes in rice farming in Japan. Until the mid-20th century in Japan, most rice fields had been cultivated by farmers themselves, often with the aid of livestock. Natural pesticides (e.g., pyrethrum, nicotine, lime sulfur, and Bordeaux mixture) and organic fertilizers (e.g., human and livestock manure and fish waste) were applied to fields to increase yield (MAFF, 2012c). Land was irrigated and drained via shallow earthen ditches (Fig.?1a) that were connected to rivers or ponds. The typical size of a single field was very small ([http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Fulvestrant.html Fulvestrant] creating complex landscapes composed of semi-natural grasslands, forests, and agricultural villages (Fig.?1c). After the end of World War II, government policy shifted from the expansion of cultivated areas to the intensification of farming practices, that is, increased chemical usage and field consolidation (Fig.?2a). These practices have successfully reduced pest damage on rice crops (Fig.?2b), supplied more nutrients essential to the growth of rice (AAFS, 2013), and reduced the number of hours worked by rice farmers by 88.6% from 1950 to 2010 (Fig.?2c). These practices resulted in an increase in rice yield per unit area by 60.7% from 1946 to 2012 (Fig.?2d). However, the agricultural intensification efforts were almost too successful, resulting in overproduction of rice (i.e., the degree of self-sufficiency exceeded 100%) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRAD RRAD] in the 1960s. In 1970, the Japanese government began a set-aside program for rice fields and promoted changes from the production of rice to other crops. These measures resulted in a steady decrease in the cultivated area of rice (Fig.?2a). In addition to the set-aside program, an aging workforce and a shortage of farm labor have caused a rapid increase in the area of abandoned fields since the 1980s (Fig.?2a). In 2010, abandoned land represents 10.6% of the area currently under cultivation (396,000?ha, MAFF, 2012b).