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Generalization (as with experiments) nor theoretical generalization (as with multisite case Roperly cited.32 M. Cheung et al.location into host cells moreover comparisons or realist evaluations). Conclusion: The complexity of modern wellness care, combined with all the numerous stakeholders in significant technology initiatives, means that national eHealth applications need considerably more thinking by way of than has in some cases occurred. We want fewer grand plans and much more mastering communities. The onus, as a result, is on academics to create methods of drawing judiciously around the richness of case studies to inform and influence eHealth policy, which necessarily occurs in a simplified decision atmosphere. Key phrases: eHealth, policymaking, case study, ethnography, evaluation, Wittgenstein, sensemaking, studying neighborhood.eHealth Policy: The Canon of HistoryThose who ignore history are doomed to repeat it. --George Or that he after attacked Karl Popper using a poker in Santayana (1863?952)National eHealth programs seldom unfold as predicted, specially when very carefully planned out in title= f1000research.9271.1 advance. Certainly, that's simply because they're complicated and title= s12916-016-0650-2 unpredictable. But policymakers normally persist in thinking that points will go far better subsequent time. Their hubris has reached a level that deserves to be researched in its personal ideal. To that end, this short article argues that lessons are seldom learned from national eHealth programs since insufficient value is placed on in-depth case studies, and it makes this case on philosophical rather than methodological grounds. We propose that national eHealth applications and, by extension, other complex technologies projects with numerous stakeholders and interdependencies could usefully be reconceptualized as Wittgensteinian language games.Why National eHealth Programs Want Dead PhilosophersThe United States' 2009 Well being Facts Technology for Financial and Clinical Wellness (HITECH) Act allocated as much as 27 billion for the adoption and "meaningful use" of electronic well being records by physicians and hospitals amongst 2011 and 2015 (Blumenthal and Tavenner 2010). Australia's federal spending budget for 2010/2011 included A 466.7 million (US 473 million) for the style, constructing, and title= JVI.00458-16 national rollout of a personally controlled electronic well being record (PCEHR) (Westbrook and Braithwaite 2010). By 2010, Canada's Well being Infoway implementation program had been allocated C two.13 billion (US 2.16 billion) (Whitt 2010). In some strategies, Engl.Generalization (as with experiments) nor theoretical generalization (as with multisite case comparisons or realist evaluations). But they do give the facility for heuristic generalization (i.e., to achieve a clearer understanding of what's going on), thereby enabling a lot more productive debate about eHealth programs' complex, interdependent social practices. A national Address correspondence to: Trisha Greenhalgh, Yvonne Carter Constructing, 58 Turner Street, London E1 2AB (e mail: p.greenhalgh@qmul.ac.uk).The Milbank Quarterly, Vol. 89, No. four, 2011 (pp. 533?63) c 2011 Milbank Memorial Fund. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc.T. Greenhalgh, J. Russell, R.E. Ashcroft, and W. ParsonseHealth plan is most effective conceptualized not as a blueprint and implementation program for a state-of-the-art technical program but as a series of overlapping, conflicting, and mutually misunderstood language games that combine to produce a scenario of ambiguity, paradox, incompleteness, and confusion. But going beyond technical "solutions" and engaging with these language games would clash with the bounded rationality that policymakers normally employ to create their eHealth applications manageable. This might explain their limited and contained response towards the nuanced messages of in-depth case study reports.