THYLENE-DEPENDENT GRAVITROPISM-DEFICIENT AND YELLOW-GREEN-LIKE 2 (EGY2) UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE five (UBP5) UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE 6 (UBP

7 Feasible mechanisms of transcriptome and Pitating or maintenance elements, influencing the onset, symptom profile, effect, course proteome regulations by ASK1-E3s. The transcription elements are stabilized in ask1 mutant and activate or repress downstream gene transcription. TF+, transcriptional activators; TF-, transcriptional repressors. b ASK1-E3s might destabilize substrate X, which positively regulates the abundance of target proteins Y. In the ask1 mutant proteome, ASK1-E3 substrate X and their target protein Y accumulate. c ASK1-E3s may possibly destabilize substrate X, which negatively regulates the abundance of target protein Y. In the ask1 mutant proteome, ASK1-E3 substrate X accumulates but target protein Y decreases. Bars, negative regulation; horizontal arrows, constructive regulation; dashed gray bars and horizontal arrows, missing regulations; upward arrows, enhance in abundance; downward arrows, decrease in abundanceBy integrative evaluation of transcriptome and proteome information, we found that ASK1-E3s could regulate gene expression at multiple methods, ranging from transcriptional, translational, to post-translational regulations. ASK1-E3s may perhaps destabilize transcription repressors or activators to derepress or inactivate gene transcription, respectively (Fig. 7a). Within the absence of ASK1, the accumulation of these transcriptional repressors or activators results in down-regulation or upregulation of gene transcription, respectively. However, we can't rule out the possibility that the altered transcriptome and proteome may well be indirect consequences with the ask1 mutation. The proteins accumulated in ask1 may be direct substrates of ASK1-E3s, or stabilized by ASK1-E3 title= jir.2013.0113 substrates (Fig. 7b). By way of example, ubiquitin-specific proteases UBP5 and UBP6, which accumulate inside the ask1 proteome (Table 7), could be substrates of ASK1-E3s; UBP5 and UBP6 could deubiquitinate and protect against degradation of ubiquitinated proteins, whose protein levels are then enhanced in ask1. An example in human could be the herpesvirusassociated ubiquitin-specific protease (HAUSP), whichstabilizes a tumor suppressor p53 by deubiquitination [81]. Ribosomal proteins may well share a related mechanism: accumulation of ribosomal proteins in ask1 may raise protein synthesis; alternatively, if ribosomal proteins have extraribosomal regulatory functions, they might stabilize some proteins within a similar way as these stabilizing p53 in human [67]. In a further probable situation, ASK1-E3s might destabilize some proteolytic enzymes (e.g., E3 THYLENE-DEPENDENT GRAVITROPISM-DEFICIENT AND YELLOW-GREEN-LIKE two (EGY2) UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE 5 (UBP5) UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE 6 (UBP ubiquitin ligases orLu et al. BMC Plant Biology (2016) 16:Page 13 ofpeptidases), which can degrade other proteins (Fig. 7c), forming a double unfavorable regulation cascade. The accumulation of such proteolytic enzymes in ask1 could result in reduced levels of their proteolytic substrates. Proteasome subunits and peptidases that accumulate in ask1 may be involved in degradati.THYLENE-DEPENDENT GRAVITROPISM-DEFICIENT AND YELLOW-GREEN-LIKE two (EGY2) UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE five (UBP5) UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE six (UBP6) 20S PROTEASOME ALPHA SUBUNIT E1 (PAE1) 20S PROTEASOME ALPHA SUBUNIT D2 (PAD2) 20S PROTEASOME BETA SUBUNIT C2 (PBC2) 20S PROTEASOME BETA SUBUNIT F1 (PBF1)AT2G40930 AT1G51710 AT1G53850 AT5G66140 AT1G77440 AT3Ginformation title= a0022827 from expression and homology. Peptidases/ proteases may ordinarily be subject to damaging regulation by ASK1-E3s, hence coupling peptidase-mediated protein processing or degradation with the UPS.Probable strategies that ASK1 regulates gene expressionFig. 7 Feasible mechanisms of transcriptome and proteome regulations by ASK1-E3s. a ASK1-E3s may perhaps regulate gene transcription by destabilizing transcription things. The transcription elements are stabilized in ask1 mutant and activate or repress downstream gene transcription.