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All animals were born and maintained at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center of Emory University (Atlanta, GA, USA) in accordance with the regulations of the Committee on the Care and Use of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council and the Department of Health and Human Service guideline titled Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and with the Weatherall report (21). None of the animals, blood and tissue Selleck KX2391 samples originated from the German Primate Center. The animals were fed monkey diet (Purina) supplemented daily with fresh fruit or vegetables and water ad libitum. Additional enrichment including the delivery of appropriate safe toys is provided and overseen by the Yerkes enrichment staff and animal health is monitored daily by the animal care staff and veterinary personnel, available 24/7. Monkeys are caged in socially PDGFRA compatible same sex pairs to facilitate social enhancement and well-being. Monkeys showing signs of sustained weight loss, disease or distress are subject to clinical diagnosis based on symptoms and then provided either standard dietary supplementation analgesics and/or chemotherapy. Monkeys whose symptoms cannot be alleviated using standard dietary supplementation, analgesics and/or chemotherapy were humanely euthanized using an overdose of barbiturates according to the guidelines of the American Veterinary Medical Association. The studies reported herein were performed under IACUC protocol #2001186 ��Innate immunity in SIV infection�� which was reviewed and approved by the Emory University IACUC.It has been assigned the IACUC protocol number ��YER-2001186-082414GA.�� The Yerkes National Primate Research Center has been fully accredited by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International since 1985. All experiments were reviewed and approved by the Emory institutional animal use and care as well as biosafety review Committees. SIV infection of rhesus macaques This study was conducted on a cohort Aurora Kinase inhibitor of 52 juvenile to adult male rhesus macaques that were infected intravenously with 1000 TCID50 of either SIVmac251 (n=5) or SIVmac239 (n=47) grown in con-A blast cultures from normal rhesus macaques. Statistical analyses in this report results were fairly robust when excluding the five SIVmac251 infected animals (data not shown). On the other hand including these animals notably increased statistical power by increasing the sample size. Based on viral loads following achievement of stable set points (that correlated with absolute peripheral blood CD4+ T cell levels, and clinical characteristics including hemogram values, weight gain/loss and blood chemistries, see Table ?Table1)1) the cohort was stratified into rhesus macaques with low plasma viral load (LVL (n=24);