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MRI images were first segmented into gray and white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using the unified segmentation module (Ashburner and Friston, 2005). These segmented gray and white matter images were then used to obtain a more accurate inter-subject registration model using DARTEL. This model alternates between computing a group template and warping an individual's tissue probability Lenvatinib order maps into alignment with this template and ultimately creates an individual flow field of each participant (Ashburner, 2009; Ashburner and Friston, 2009). We then normalized each participant's images into MNI space with the normalized images modulated to ensure that relative gray and white matter volumes were well preserved following spatial normalization. Finally, these images were smoothed with an 8 mm full-width-at-half-maximum Gaussian kernel. To address the issue of absolute vs. relative threshold masking in SPM we used the masking toolbox (http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/g.ridgway/masking/). This uses an automatic mask-creation strategy to find an optimal threshold to binarise an average image. Morphological group differences in GM and WM volumes were then assessed using the general linear model (GLM) in SPM8. Age and gender were entered into Glafenine the design matrix as nuisance covariates. To exclude global nuisance effects, total intracranial volumes (TIV) of each participant were also entered into the design matrix as a global calculation. A two sample t-test was then conducted to identify between group differences in regional gray and white matter volume. Contrast images were overlaid onto the standard T1 template using MRIcron (http://www.mccauslandcenter.sc.edu/mricro/mricron/). Brain imaging data are reported at an uncorrected statistical thresholds of p selleck inhibitor all of the voxels within each mask then performed regression analyses to examine the relationship with personality score. Results Questionnaire data Compared to controls, PoTS patients scored higher on measures of state and trait anxiety (STAI state anxiety mean score: PoTS 38.5, controls 30.2, F(1, 22) = 6.97, p