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Unlike mammals, THs seem to diminish mitochondrial ROS while they have limited effect on the antioxidant machinery in birds. However, how THs modify the susceptibility to ROS has never been explored in an avian model, and very little is known about their effect on oxidative balance in birds. Therefore, the objective of our study was to examine the effect of chronic pharmacological hypo- and hyperthyroidism see more on (i) the susceptibility of mitochondrial membranes to ROS; and (ii) the level of oxidative stress assessed by measuring oxidative damage to lipids, nucleic acids and proteins in the gastrocnemius muscle of ducklings. We show that hypothyroidism had no effect on the susceptibility of mitochondrial membranes to free radicals. Hypothyroid ducklings had lower oxidized lipids (?31%) and DNA (?25%) but a similar level of protein carbonylation relative to controls. Conversely, mitochondrial membranes of hyperthyroid ducklings exhibited higher unsaturation (+12%) and peroxidation (+31%) indexes than in controls indicating a greater susceptibility to free radicals. However, hyperthyroid ducklings exhibited more oxidative damages on proteins (+67%) Vismodegib in vivo only, whereas lipid damages remained unchanged, and there was a slight reduction (?15%) in damages to DNA compared to euthyroid controls. Our results indicate that birds and mammals present fundamental differences in their oxidative stress response to thyroid status. J. Exp. Zool. 321A: 415�C421, 2014. ? 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ""This study tested the hypothesis that prolonged physical deconditioning affects the coupling of left ventricular depolarization to its ejection (the pre-ejection period, PEPi) and that this effect is minimized by exercise countermeasures. Following assignment to non-exercise (Control) and exercise groups (Exercise), 14 females performed 56 days of continuous head-down tilt bed rest. Measurements of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and stroke Moroxydine volume (Doppler ultrasound) during supine rest were obtained at baseline prior to (Pre) and after (Post) the head-down tilt bed rest (HDBR) period. Compared with Pre, the PEPi was increased following head-down tilt bed rest (main effect, P