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All the slides were examined for the expression of COX-2 by a single pathologist as follows: Section preparation The specimens were fixed with formalin, embedded in paraffin, PARP activation and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and the sections were prepared and meningioma was approved and classified according to the WHO 2007.[2] The tumors immunohistochemical study and grading performed on paraffin-embedded sections of meningioma specimens. The specimens were deparaffinized, dehydrated, and then were boiled in ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid buffer (pH 9.0) for 20 minutes. The anti-COX-2 antibody (Gennova Scientific S.L.C, Spain, Johann Gulenberg, Clone: SP21, Rabbit Mc Ab) were incubated at 4��C overnight and reacted with a dextran polymer reagent combined with secondary antibodies and peroxidase (Envision, Biogenex, San Ramon, CA). The scoring of COX-2 staining intensity was done on the basis of the percentage of immunopositive cells as follows: 0 was considered when 0-10% of tumoral cells were stained; +1 was considered as more than 10% of the tumoral cells and a part of the cell membrane stained weakly; +2 was considered as more Thalidomide than 10% of the tumoral cells and complete cell membrane stained weakly; and +3 was considered as more than 30% of the tumoral cells and complete cell membrane stained. If the samples were scored 0 or +1 the marker of COX-2 was considered as negative and if the samples were scored +2 or +3 the marker of COX-2 was considered as positive [Figure ?[Figure1a1a�Cc].[20] Positive control staining was done with a certain breast cancer with + 3 COX-2 expression and negative control staining was done with non-tumoral stromal cells of the breast cancers specimens. Figure 1 The COX-2 staining intensity. (a) More than 10% of the tumoral cells and a part of the cell membrane are stained weakly (score +1). (b) More than 10% of the tumoral cells and complete cell membrane are stained weakly (score +2). (c) More than 30% of the ... Analyses were done using the SPSS software (version 16.0) for windows. Quantitative and qualitative variables are PCI-32765 molecular weight presented as mean �� standard deviation (SD) and number (%), respectively. Association between the tumor grades and COX-2 expression was checked using the Chi-Square test, with a P value less than 0.05 considered as statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 90 meningioma sections from 26 (28.9%) male and 64 (71.1%) female patients with mean �� SD of age = 53.0 �� 13.2 years were studied. WHO tumor grade was I in 68 (75.6%), II in 19 (21.1%), and III in 3 (3.3%) of the studied cases. Among all tumoral grades, 33 (36.7%) slides were COX-2 positive. The association between tumoral grades with COX-2 expression is described in Table 1. COX-2 was positive more frequently in tumors with higher WHO grades (P