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These distributions were consistent with the orientation of the lenses fitted over each eye and were well described by sine curves with period 180? (r2 = 0.75, left eye; r2 = 0.79, right eye). In contrast to the distribution from the control animals, sine curves with period 90? provided a relatively poor account of the data (r2 = 0.11, left eye; r2 = 0.03, right eye). Figure 3. Tuning properties of single units. We also calculated the inter-ocular difference in preferred orientation, ?OP, for each unit as the preferred orientation for the right eye minus the preferred orientation for the left eye. Consistent with previous reports (Nelson et click here al., 1977; Cooper and Pettigrew, 1979) we found a torsional disparity in the preferred orientation of the two eyes in both our control (mean ��OP = 11.7��, pBMN 673 cost a higher level of monocularity than those from control animals (Figure 3c). The median monocularity index (MI, see Material and methods) of units from control and cross-reared animals was 0.24 and 0.38, respectively. This difference was significant (p=0.002, Kruskal-Wallis test). Cross-rearing therefore appears to induce subtle changes in the combination of input from the two eyes at the level of single neurons. In addition to each unit��s ocular dominance and orientation preference, we also quantitatively measured their tuning for spatial and temporal frequency (See Materials?and?methods). We found no significant differences in the monocular spatial or temporal frequency tuning for dominant vs non-dominant eyes or for left vs right eyes (regardless of dominance) in either control or cross-reared animals (p>0.05, Kruskal-Wallis tests). We therefore combined the populations of left- and right-eye dominant units within the two experimental groups (i.e., control and cross-reared) and compared their tuning parameters for the dominant eye. Units from cross-reared animals exhibited marginally higher preferred spatial frequencies compared to ALOX15 those from control animals (median preferred spatial frequency 0.24 and 0.16 cycles/�� for cross-reared and control animals respectively; Figure 3d). While this difference was significant (p