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We ordered seeds of our species from botanical gardens throughout Europe and from commercial companies selling wild-collected seeds (see Online Appendix II). Pre-cultivation and the experiment took place in the botanical garden of the University of Konstanz, Germany (N: 47��69��19.56��, E: 9��17��78.42��). For each of the 24 species, we mixed the seeds from the different suppliers. On the 14th of June 2011, we sowed the seeds in trays filled with a 1:1 mixture of sand and fine vermiculite. We first put the trays in a cold room (4��C, 16 h of light per day) for 10 days to break seed dormancy. After that, we put them in a greenhouse compartment and kept them at 70% humidity and temperature between 15 and 25��C. In a preceding pilot experiment, we found that some species germinated faster than others. Therefore, Resiquimod we sowed the seeds of some of the species pairs (genera) 3 days later (see Online Appendix III) to ensure that seedlings would emerge more or less simultaneously. Experimental set-up We filled a total of 358 square 1-L pots with a 1:1 mixture of sand and fine vermiculite. Our experiment lasted for 5 weeks. This timespan enabled us to study early foraging 3-MA chemical structure responses as they may be particularly critical for the establishment of plants in nature and also allowed us to harvest the plants before the soil volume was limiting to the extent that we could no longer see foraging responses. To reduce the chances that roots would spill over from one quarter into the others due to limited root space and to prevent minimize nutrient leakage between pot quarters, we placed PVC barriers in the pots to divide them into four quarters (barriers stuck out above the soil, and were pushed all the way down). The central 2 �� 2 cm of each pot was left barrier free to allow plants to grow roots in any direction (see Figure ?Figure11). Figure 1 Pot set-up. We filled 1-L square pots with a 1:1 mixture of fine sand and fine vermiculite, and placed PVC barriers in the pots to create four pot quarters. The middle 2 �� 2 cm was left open. We supplied plants with a 40ml nutrient solution three ... After the seedlings had been in the greenhouse for 2 weeks, we transplanted, if available, 16 plants per species into the center of the pots. Because some species germinated High Content Screening poorly, we had