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Matlab code implementing analyses described in this work is freely available from http://wagerlab.colorado.edu. Appendix We undertook several additional analyses to test the dissociability of somatic and vicarious pain patterns. Here we report results for analyses that have been referenced in the main text, and include an extended discussion in support of our findings. Positive and negative pain-relevant signature response analyses We ran additional analyses to rule out the Ruxolitinib in vivo possibility that the NPS?responses for vicarious pain were being driven by specific regions within the NPS mask (e.g., the visual regions). Using a mask obtained from Neurosynth.org (Yarkoni et al., 2011), we performed feature selection for the NPS pattern with 'pain' as the search term. We obtained a reverse inference map based on a meta-analysis for 'pain' from the journal articles coded in the Neurosynth database (N = 224). The reverse inference map indicates regions that are most likely associated with journal articles that focus on 'pain' than any other topic. The reason that visual regions are included in the NPS mask is because based on the Neurosynth definition of reverse inference, these regions are least likely to be associated with journal articles that focus on pain, and therefore have negative weights in the NPS mask. In the case where the NPS mask is applied to data that include visual stimuli (e.g., vicarious pain), activation of the visual regions of the brain are correlated with the visual regions of the NPS mask. Therefore,?we extracted the NPS weights associated Crizotinib with either only the positive or only the negative regions of the Neurosynth 'pain' mask and computed the signature response for somatic and vicarious pain for data from Study 1. The removal of the negative regions of the Neurosynth 'pain' mask had no effect on the signature response for somatic pain (see Appendix 1��figure 1A; tUL(27) = 9.26, pmeprobamate for vicarious pain. In contrast, the weights corresponding to the negative regions of the Neurosynth ��pain�� mask showed increased activity for vicarious pain (although still did not detect the difference in intensity), but greatly reduced the signature response for somatic pain (see Appendix 1��figure 1B; tUL(27) = ?5.22, p