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In addition, less interlaboratory or interassay variability is expected when using this method. However, more knowledge of resistance mutations may be necessary before this method can be routinely applied. This study had some TRIB1 limitations. It represents a retrospective analysis and it included only those isolates reported as resistant by local laboratories. Nevertheless, because a relevant proportion of isolates appeared to be susceptible to erythromycin using broth microdilution, our selection included isolates with varying levels of susceptibility to erythromycin. In conclusion, the determination of the erythromycin resistance of C.�jejuni and C.�coli is inaccurate according to current practice. The standardization of frequently used susceptibility testing methods, such as disk diffusion, must be mandatory if we are to obtain reliable results for fastidious and micro-aerophilic organisms such as Campylobacter. In the absence of standardized protocols and interpretive to criteria for disk diffusion, broth dilution remains the best method. The authors would like to thank E. Pothoven, L. van der Graaf-van Bloois and J. Schelfaut for technical assistance. this website The Campylobacter control isolate was kindly provided by K. Veldman. These results were presented, in part, at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Dutch Association of Medical Microbiology, Arnhem, the Netherlands, 2006. All authors declare that there are no conflicting or dual interests. ""Six antibiotic resistance genes (blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM, qnrA, qnrB and qnrS) were quantified by qPCR in both phage and bacterial DNA fractions of environmental water samples in order to determine the contribution of phages to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. Although the highest copy numbers (p?Ibrutinib mouse results indicate that bacteriophages are a potential reservoir of resistance genes and may act as efficient vehicles for horizontal gene transfer. ""The emergence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae is a rapidly evolving threat worldwide. Here, we report the molecular characterization of two Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates carrying both blaOXA-181 and blaNDM-1 or blaNDM-5 isolated from epidemiologically unrelated patients in Singapore. The blaOXA-181 genes were found existing in different genetic environments. The emergence and dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae is a concerning global threat. The rapid evolution and relatively limited data on the molecular epidemiology of these organisms continue to pose challenges for clinicians and researchers across the world.