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Thirty-five individuals were included in the study, including 11 healthy individuals, 13 indivials with asthma and 11 individuals with COPD. TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in sputum induced by hypertonic saline inhalation and in serum. Total protein content in sputum was also determined. In the sputum samples from COPD patients, we observed an eightfold higher concentration of TFF1 and a fivefold higher concentration of TFF3 compared with controls. In the serum samples from COPD patients, we observed three-, three- and twofold higher concentrations of TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 respectively compared with controls. There is increased secretion of TFF peptides in the lungs of patients with COPD, as Ruxolitinib supplier well as significant increases in serum levels. This suggests a role for TFF peptides in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases with mucus hypersecretion. ""To derive prediction Vemurafenib clinical trial equations of spirometric values of healthy Saudi adults and to compare the derived equations with equations reported in selected population. Cross-sectional study of healthy nonsmoking men and women Saudi adults. The measured spirometric values were the forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1?s (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF) and forced mid-expiratory flow (FEF 25%�C75%). A total of 621 spirometric tests were done. The prediction equations were derived using the following formula: Predicted spirometric value?=?constant?+?(b1?��?age)?+?(b2?��?height (cm)), where b1 and b2 represent the regression coefficients for age and height, respectively. Variable Constant Age (years) Height (cm) Variable Constant Age (years) Height (cm) Males (n?=?292) ? ? ? Females (n?=?175) ? ? ? FVC ?2.933 ?0.018 0.046 FVC ?3.470 ?0.016 0.045 FEV1 ?1.886 ?0.019 0.036 FEV1 ?2.482 ?0.018 0.036 FEV1/FVC (%) 98.41 ?0.095 ?0.068 FEV1/FVC (%) 100.67 ?0.142 ?0.072 PEF 17.274 ?1.243 3.471 PEF ?226.648 ?0.499 4.076 FEF25%�C75% 0.100 ?0.024 Amiloride 0.027 FEF25%?75% ?1.337 ?0.021 0.031 The means of the measured FVC and FEV1 were significantly lower than the predicted values derived by the American equations of ?7.2% and ?4.6% among males, respectively (P value?