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We identified two candidates, named BERV-K1 and BERV-K2 [10]. Both BERV-K1 and BERV-K2 are categorized as betaretroviruses, which also include JSRV and mouse mammary tumor virus [10,11]. While the BERV-K2 has all of the coding sequences including gag, pro-pol and env, BERV-K1 only retains the env coding sequence [10]. We examined the expression of both BERV-K1 and BERV-K2 env in bovine organs and found that BERV-K1 env but not BERV-K2 env was preferentially expressed in bovine placenta [10,11]. This result was further supported by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, further demonstrating that BERV-K1 Env alone was detected specifically click here in BNCs (Figure 3) [11]. We also conducted in vitro fusion assays using BERV-K1 Env and primary bovine endometrial cells and found that BERV-K1 Env had high fusogenic activity [11]. This result suggests that BERV-K1 Env induces fetomaternal cell-to-cell fusion selleck chemicals at the fetomaternal interface. We also conducted fusion assays using BERV-K2 Env; however, BERV-K2 Env was not able to induce cell-to-cell fusion with endometrial cells [11]. This phenomenon was attributed to a failure of Env glycoprotein maturation [67]. Figure 3 Expression of BERV-K1 envelope in bovine placental tissue. (A) In situ hybridization of BERV-K1 env mRNA on day 30 of gestation in the bovine fetal membrane and maternal endometrium. Scale bars represent 100 ��m. DIG-labeled antisense probe for ... BERV-K1 is located in intron 18 of the bovine FAT tumor suppressor homolog 2 (bFAT2) gene, which is highly conserved evolutionarily in eukaryotes [11]. We examined other mammalian species for the presence of BERV-K1 by genomic PCR and found BERV-K1 in Bovinae (Bos taurus, Bos javanicus, Bubalus bubalis, and Tragelaphus spekii) but not other Oxygenase species, including Caprinae (Ovis aries, Capra hircus), human, mouse, dog and cat [11]. From this, we estimate that BERV-K1 infected the common ancestor of Bovinae 20 MYA after the separation of Bovinae and Caprinae [11]. Moreover, BERV-K1 shows evidence of purifying selection (dN/dS