The protein levels of muscle regeneration markers also provide evidence that Acu-LFES stimulates muscle regeneration capacity in both healthy and diabetic mice

The protein amounts of muscle regeneration markers also offer proof that Acu-LFES stimulates muscle mass regeneration YM-155 ability in each healthier and diabetic mice (Fig three). The PAX7, MYOD, and eMyHC markers had been PX105684 chemical information drastically decreased in muscle tissue of diabetic mice Acu-LFES reversed these decreases. However, the percentage increase in central nuclei was higher in the muscles of diabetic/Acu-LFES than of non-diabetic/Acu-LFES mice. These results indicate that Acu-LFES prevents muscle atrophy partly by stimulating myogenesis.Building muscle mass requires an increase in protein synthesis as well as the activation of myogenesis signaling. We tested protein synthesis-related proteins in all groups of mice (Fig 5). Both the phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) and the phosphorylation of the p70S6 kinase (p- p70S6) were significantly decreased in diabetic mice. The p-mTOR was increased 1.5-fold in muscles of non-diabetic mice treated with Acu-LFES over those of control mice it was increased 1.6-fold in muscles of diabetic mice treated with AcuLFES over those of diabetic mice that were not treated with Acu-LFES. The p-p70S6, which is downstream from mTOR in the protein synthesis pathway, was increased 2.0-fold in AcuLFES--treated non-diabetic mice and 2.3-fold in Acu-LFES--treated diabetic mice over that of diabetic mice without Acu-LFES treatment. These results demonstrate that Acu-LFES Fig 1. Acu-LFES prevents diabetes-induced muscle fiber cross-sectional area (MCS) decrease. A representative cross-sectional area of EDL muscle from normal control (control), Acu-LFES treated normal controls (Acu-LFES), diabetes or diabetes/Acu-LFES mice are showed (A). The cryosections of EDL muscle were immunostained with anti-laminin antibody. The First bar graph (B) shows the average size of myofibers determined from six mice x 8 sections/mouse/group (Bars: mean s.e. n = 9/group = p