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Rats were allowed to recover from anaesthesia overnight so that experiments were started 20�C22 h after catheter implantation. Arterial pressure was measured using a pressure transducer (model TNF-R; Becton Dickinson, Sandy, UT, USA) coupled to an amplifier (model 13-3615-52; Gould, Cleveland, OH, USA). Carotid blood flow velocities [referred to as carotid blood flows (CBFs) in the following text] were recorded by connecting the head plug to a directional pulsed Doppler flowmeter (Department of Bioengineering, University of Iowa, Iowa city, IA, USA). After a 1�C2 h acclimation period, AP and both CBFs were continuously sampled (500 Hz) by a computer equipped with an analog-to-digital interface (model MIO-16-E-10; National Instruments, CDK9 Austin, TX, USA) and LabVIEW 5.1 software (National Instruments). The recording session lasted at least Selleckchem Obeticholic Acid 246 min and took place between 09.00 and 14.00 h. At the end of the experiment, rats were killed with a lethal dose of pentobarbital sodium (>100 mg kg?1i.v.). Individual 500 Hz data files were first replayed and inspected to remove occasional artefacts. Arterial pressure and both CBFs were then resampled at 20 Hz by averaging over consecutive 50 ms periods. For each CBF, a mean value was calculated over the whole recording period chosen for analysis (246 min). Then, all CBF data (20 Hz time series) were divided by this mean value and multiplied by 100 (and are therefore expressed as normalized units). This normalization procedure was necessary because probes were not calibrated. Spectral Selleck Dolutegravir analysis was performed using a fast Fourier transform algorithm, as previously described (L��tienne et al. 1998; Pires et al. 2001). For a 246 min recording period, 17 data sets of 32,768 points (27.3 min) overlapping by half were processed. The frequency resolution was therefore 0.0006 Hz. The ordinary squared coherence was calculated to quantify the strength of linear coupling between the left and right CBF in each group of rats. The significance threshold (P