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0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). P-value Midostaurin was used to observe the autophagosomes in CT26 cells, which were segmented into four groups according to the level of ART1. In each group, autophagosome were not observed in the absence of starvation (Figure 1A). After starvation, GFP-ART1 CT26 cells displayed some autophagosomes, which were more numerous than in the untransfected and the vector control CT26 cells. Autophagosomes were not observed in the ART1-shRNA group and many apoptotic cells were detected (Figure 1B). The autophagosome, an acid vesicular organelle, appears red when stained with AO and the fluorescence intensity correlates with its acidity. There was no obvious red fluorescence in each group whenCT26 cells were not starved (Figure 1C). After starvation treatments, red fluorescence was detected in cells. The red fluorescence intensity in the GFP-ART1 group was higher check details than in other groups. By contrast, the red fluorescence was lower in the ART1-shRNA group, compared to other groups (Figure 1D). Comparison of the intensity of the red fluorescence with flow cytometry showed that the red fluorescence was stronger in the starvation-induced GFP-ART1 group and weaker in the starvation-induced ART1-shRNA group (P PRDX5 in CT26 cells which were untreated with starvation (A) or treated with starvation (B) observed with electron microscope. The white arrow denotes the autophagosome. In acridine ... The protein and mRNA levels of the autophagy marker protein LC3B were measured by Western blotting or RT-PCR, respectively, to assess the autophagy level under starvation-induced conditions. Both mRNA and protein levels of LC3B increased in the starvation-induced GFP-ART1 group and decreased in starvation-induced ART1-shRNA group, compared with control groups in vitro and in vivo, respectively (P