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To appropriately match exposure periods, a control had to have follow up at least as long as the date of diagnosis for their respective case. COG cases were neither born nor diagnosed in Utah, and therefore, there was no overlap between cases Regorafenib from the COG and UPDB cohorts. The University of Utah's IRB and Resource for Genetic Epidemiologic Research approved this study. Statistical analyses Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the demographic variables among the case and control groups. To compare the potential prevalence of LFS in RMS cases with previous reports, we determined the proportion of cases that met the revised Chompret criteria 19,20. Specifically, the criteria were met if the case had a first- or second-degree relative diagnosed with (1) at least one tumor classified under the LFS spectrum (e.g., soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, brain tumor, premenopausal breast cancer, adrenocortical carcinoma, leukemia, lung bronchoalveolar cancer) at relatives and the association with childhood RMS by generating adjusted ALK odds ratios (ORa) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Specifically, cancer history was assessed among first-degree relatives, second-degree relatives, and any relatives (i.e., either a first- or second-degree relative). Stratified analyses were conducted to: (1) evaluate the association of family cancer Selleck Pazopanib history and childhood RMS for children who are male and those who are female; (2) children diagnosed under 5?years of age and those diagnosed later (based on sample size and previous assessments) 13; and (3) for children who have relatives diagnosed with a malignancy before the age of 30?years and those with relatives diagnosed when older than 30?years. Because the RMS histologic subtypes are suspected to be heterogeneous in etiology, the association of family cancer history and childhood RMS was also assessed separately for children diagnosed with embryonal RMS; we did not separately assess those with alveolar RMS due to the potential heterogeneity within this group as information on PAX-FOXO1 fusion status was not available. Finally, the association of family cancer history and childhood RMS was independently evaluated among each cancer type diagnosed in their relatives. All statistical models were adjusted for the matching factors including the child's sex (male or female), age at diagnosis (in years), and race (categorized as White, Black, or other). An association was considered statistically significant if P?