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Only 17 out of the 84 patients with paired samples before and after HBeAg seroconversion had pre-S deletions. The patterns of pre-S deletions before and after HBeAg seroconversion were variable. Compared with genotype B, HBV genotype C was associated with earlier emergence of pre-S deletions. In conclusion, 12.9% of chronic HBV carriers had pre-S deletions (predominantly pre-S2 deletions) in a geographical area highly endemic for chronic hepatitis B. Male gender and HBV genotype C were associated independently with the development of pre-S deletion mutations. There was no clear relationship between HBeAg seroconversion Dabigatran and pre-S deletions. J. Med. Virol. 82:1843�C1849, 2010. ? 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ""Eighty-one (71.7%) out of 113 patients had confirmed dengue infection (using ELISA IgM serology) at Kassala, Eastern Sudan during the period of August through November 2010. According to the WHO criteria, dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) were observed in 30.9, 58, and 11.1% of these patients, respectively. The mean age of these 81 patients was 25.5 years. Male:female ratio selleck screening library was 1.8:1. Various symptoms including fever (100%), headache (75.3%), vomiting (55.6%), nausea (53.1%), and backache (30.9%) were observed among these patients. Thrombocytopenia (45) were reported in 86.4, 69.1, and 67.9% of the patients, respectively. High alanine aminotransferase (ALT, >65?U/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST >37?U/L) were seen in 9.9 and 14.8% of the patients, respectively. There were five (6.1%) deaths, three of them had DHF and the other two patients had DSS. J. Med. Virol. 84:500�C503, 2012. ? 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ""There is little clinical information on the management of hepatitis B virus (HBV) that is resistant to multiple drugs including entecavir (ETV). The present retrospective cohort study assessed the antiviral efficacy of ETV/adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) combination therapy for ETV-resistant HBV with prior lamivudine (LAM) resistance, and either with or without previous ADV resistance. The cumulative probability of achieving a virological response (undetectable serum HBV DNA) was compared Fludarabine research buy by Kaplan�CMeier analysis and the Breslow method. Seventeen patients with ETV-resistant HBV who were treated with ETV/ADV combination therapy for at least 6 months at a tertiary care center, were included; seven had dual resistance to ETV and LAM [ADV-r(?) group] and 10 had triple resistance to ETV, LAM, and ADV [ADV-r(+) group]. The median follow-up period was 9 months (range, 6�C23). A virological response was noted in seven patients after a median of 3 months (range, 3�C12) of treatment; five in the ADV-r(?) group and two in the ADV-r(+) group.