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Treatment-na?ve patients with leprosy (334) and their household contacts (1288) seen at the National Reference Center for Sanitary Dermatology and LY294002 molecular weight Leprosy of Uberl?ndia, participated in the cross-sectional study approved by the Ethics in Research Committee under # 099/2003, signed the informed consent forms and authorized the collection of samples. Patients were diagnosed and classified into TT, BT, BB, BL and LL forms, according to Ridley�CJopling [2], based on Bacterial Index (BI) of dermal swabs, histological analyses, BI of skin lesion biopsies, and the Mitsuda intradermal test, to evaluate cellular immunity to M.?leprae, considering positive values ��4?mm [13]. To assess humoral response, the ELISA serological test against the bacillus-specific antigen, PGL-1 (kindly donated by Dr John Spencer, Colorado State University), was performed, considering positive results with a cut-off ��1.1, as demonstrated elsewhere [14,15]. Patients received an operational classification as paucibacillary (PB) or multibacillary (MB). TT or BT forms with five or less skin lesions and negative BI were considered PB. BT forms with more than five skin lesions and/or a BI from zero to two in the skin lesion were considered MB [16]. The household contacts that resided or had resided with the patient over the previous 5?years [17] submitted to the dermato-neurological examination, Mitsuda Lapatinib mw test and anti-PGL-1 ELISA assay to assure their health status. The collection of nasal swabs from patients and buccal swabs from patients and contacts was carried out by introducing small flexible brushes, and swabbing the nasal septum via both nasal fosses and the oral mucosa (mucosa lining of the cheeks and lips). The stems with the material were deposited in sterile tubes containing 500?��L of lysis buffer (NaCl 400?mM, EDTA, 50?mM pH 8.0 and Tris�CHCl 25?mM pH 8.0). Each sample was individually conditioned in sterile microtubes and maintained at 4��C until DNA extraction. For the detection of S6 Kinase M.?leprae in samples, a pair of primers [18] was used to amplify 130?bp fragments of the RLEP M.?leprae genomic region (Fig.?1), using standardized conditions for PCR reactions described elsewhere [19]. Descriptive analyses were carried out for the data. The chi-square test was used to evaluate differences in positivity between samples from patients and contacts, and among clinical forms. Pearson��s correlation coefficient was employed to determine the association among the results of anti-PGL-1ELISA, the Mitsuda test and BI of skin lesions, considering p?