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The new concept proposes the construction of defined polynucleotide mixes to target the habitat specific sequence diversity of a particular gene. The concept and the software are intended as a first step towards a more frequent application of polynucleotides for in situ identification of mRNA and genes in environmental microbiology. ""3825" "Over a decade, laser prostatectomy has been performed to effectively treat benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) with low post-operative complications. In this study, two laser wavelengths conventionally used for BPH treatment were compared to characterize the outcomes of in vitro tissue ablation. Two lasers with wavelengths including 532?nm (Q-switched) and 2.01??m (continuous wave) were employed to ablate porcine kidney tissue in vitro. Ablation performance was evaluated by varying applied power, treatment speed, and fiber working distance. Optical Alkannin transmission was measured as a function of working distance and compared with the corresponding ablation volume. Coagulation depth was quantified from gross tissue examination, and histology analysis confirmed coagulation selleck kinase inhibitor features for both wavelengths. Five hundred thirty-two nanometers yielded up to 30% (P craters. Both optical transmission and ablation volume revealed that energy loss by strong water absorption compromised ablation efficiency generated by 2.01??m. Gross tissue and histology examination demonstrated that 532?nm created a thin coagulation zone whereas 2.01??m induced ?20% (PMAPK Inhibitor Library chemical structure Surg. Med. 42:237�C244, 2010. ? 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ""3826" "Soil transplant into warmer regions has been shown to alter soil microbiology. In contrast, little is known about the effects of soil transplant into colder regions, albeit that climate cooling has solicited attention in recent years. To address this question, we transplanted bare fallow soil over large transects from southern China (subtropical climate zone) to central (warm temperate climate zone) and northern China (cold temperate climate zone). After an adaptation period of 4 years, soil nitrogen components, microbial biomass and community structures were altered.